Program Archive
2023 Annual Meeting Program
November 3-4, 2023
Welcome to Northern Kentucky University
Dr. Samantha Langley, Vice-Provost for Graduate Education, Research and Outreach
We are delighted to host the annual meeting of the Kentucky Academy of Sciences at Northern Kentucky University. NKU has an active and vibrant STEM community that includes faculty conducting research supported by funders such as the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health, students that engage in research through our Institute for Student Research, Scholarship and Creative Activity (ISRCA) and through the Center for Integrative Natural Science and Mathematics (CINSAM), and many initiatives that support P-12 students interested in STEM events, summer camps and academies. In FY23 NKU faculty received 82 externally funded research awards totaling over $12M in funding – an institutional record. In addition, faculty mentored many students - over 200 presented their work at our annual Celebration event in the spring, and many mentored students who participated in our first year research experience (FYRE), and published their work in Nysa, our journal of student research. Here are a few recent highlights:
Valerie Hardcastle, Director of the Institute for Health Innovation secured a $2.8M Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) grant to strengthen northern Kentucky’s bioscience and health innovation ecosystem by providing skill development and workforce training in clinical research and entrepreneurship.
Mark Bardgett, Regent’s Professor of Psychological Science, received $548K from the National Institute of Health to study brain development after opioid drug use.
Dirk Grupe, Associate Professor and chair, Physics, Geology and Engineering Technology has recently published papers in Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Astrophysical Journal on black holes, more specifically accreting super-massive black holes in the centers of galaxies, which he observers mostly in the ultra-violet and X-ray regimes using NASA/ESA satellite observatories.
Vijay Raghavan, Professor of Computer Science, published a paper in the Journal of Computer Information Systems on how different project leadership styles improve project performance based on different types of employees and gender.
Allison Parker, Assistant Professor of Environmental Science, published a paper in PLoS ONE on how female mosquitos use visual and chemical cues to determine suitable habitats to oviposit their eggs. One of Allison’s student co-authors, Amber Miller, was awarded first place for this research in the Ecology division of the KAS student competition in 2021.
Welcome to northern Kentucky, and we hope you enjoy your time here at NKU!
Registration and many events will be in the NKU Student Union, 20 Kenton Dr, Highland Heights, KY 41076
Table of Contents
Welcome the Junior Academy
Code of Conduct
Special Accommodations
Land Acknowledgment
Campus Map & Floor Plan
Parking
WiFi at NKU
Food
Photo Contest
Sponsors
Exhibitors
View Friday Schedule Grid
View Saturday Schedule Grid
Friday morning November 3
8am Registration Desk opens
8am-9am Friday Poster setup
8am - 6pm Practice Room Available Griffin Hall 318
9am - 10am Junior Academy Orientation- Student Union 102
9am-12 noon Friday morning Oral Presentations
Agricultural Sciences - Griffin Hall 150
Engineering - Student Union 108
Health Sciences - Student Union 109
Zoology / Botany - Student Union 302
Microbiology - Student Union 302
9am - 12 noon Friday morning Poster Presentations - Ballroom
Computer & Information Sciences
Environmental Sciences
Mathematics
Ecology I
10am-12noon Junior Academy Visit to NKU Engineering
10am-12noon Junior Academy Visit to NKU Chemistry
10am-12noon Junior Academy Tour of NKU STEM facilities
11am STEM Career Fair & Exhibitors Tables
11:45-1:00 Box Lunch Pickup (by pre-order)
12:15 -1:15 Junior Academy Lunch & STEM Pathways panel - Griffin Hall 316
12:15-2:15pm Friday Workshops
Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon - Griffin Hall 155
Making the 'M' in STEM Explicit Student Union 105
Demystifying the Publishing Process (12:15-1:15) Student Union 108
Innovating Strategies in the Classroom - Student Union 302
Natural History Collections across Kentucky + NKU Herbarium - Science Center 168
The Future of EPSCoR - Student Union 104
12:45-2:15pm Friday Workshop
Science Policy & Advocacy - Student Union 109
1:15-2:15 Junior Academy Workshop:The Cancer Disparity in Kentucky: How Can I Help? - Griffin Hall 316
2:30-4:30 pm Friday afternoon Oral Presentation sessions
Aerospace Research in Kentucky Student Union 104
Psychology /Anthropology/Sociology Student Union 105
Computer & Information Sciences - Student Union 302
Ecology - Student Union 108
Mathematics - Griffin Hall 316
2:30-4:30 Junior Academy visit to StegoStudio MakerSpace in Steely Library
2:30-4:30 pm Friday afternoon Poster Presentations - Ballroom
Agricultural Sciences
Chemistry: Analytical & Physical
Engineering
Geography
Health Sciences
Science Education
Physics & Astronomy
5:00 pm Friday Plenary Session- Greaves Hall, NKU Fine Arts Center
Rebecca Blankenship and Mason Kalinsky
7pm Friday evening November 3
Scientists' Night Out at the Newport Aquarium
or
7pm Planetarium Show at the NKU Haile Planetarium ($5 suggested donation)
Saturday November 4
8am Breakfast - Kentucky Geoscience Workforce Discussion (all are welcome!) - Griffin Hall 316
8am Breakfast for KCTCS Faculty - Griffin Hall 144
8am - 6pm Practice Room Available Griffin Hall 318
9am-12 noon Saturday morning Oral Presentations
Special Session: Dinosaurs Under the Microscope - Griffin Hall 316
Environmental Sciences - Student Union 302
Geology - Griffin Hall 316
Physiology & Biochemistry - Student Union 108
Science Education - Griffin Hall 150
Physics & Astronomy- Student Union 109
9am - 12 noon Saturday morning Poster Presentations - Ballroom
Anthropology / Sociology
Cellular & Molecular Biology
Chemistry: Organic/Inorganic
Ecology II
Zoology / Botany
Microbiology
10am - 3:30pm Exhibitors
11:45-1pm Box Lunch pickup or Pizza (by pre-order)
12:15-1:15pm KAS Business meeting luncheon (for members, by reservation)- Student Union 104
1:30-4:30 pm Saturday afternoon Oral Presentations
Cellular & Molecular Biology- Student Union 109
Chemistry-All- Student Union 302
Geography Student Union 105
1:30-4:30 pm Saturday afternoon Poster Presentations - Ballroom
Physiology & Biochemistry
Psychology
1:30-4:30 Saturday afternoon Workshops
Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning: A student-centered approach for STEM classrooms - Griffin Hall 150
Engaging Hands-On Activities for the 8 April 2024 Total Solar Eclipse - Griffin Hall 316
1:30 Saturday Field Trips (by RSVP)
Afternoon field trip to Big Bone Lick State Historic Site
Afternoon field trip to the NKU and Thomas More University Field Stations - meet in circle in front of Student Union
Junior Academy Collaboration
It is very exciting to have the Junior Academy joining us for the second year. It is especially gratifying for this to happen here at my alma mater - Go Norse! We have created this opportunity for middle and high school students to see the work of undergraduates, graduates, and faculty members. I believe that it is important to begin making connections to the type of research that interests us and to the people who are doing that research. Let us use this opportunity to guide the next generation of scientists towards their future scientific ventures.
The support we receive from KAS is invaluable and the mechanism that makes this collaboration happen. Please help support these budding scientists and welcome them to KAS and NKU!
Melony Stambaugh
Director, Kentucky Junior Academy of Science
Program Coordinator, Kentucky Academy of Science
KAS Code of Conduct
The Kentucky Academy of Science Annual Meeting is an interdisciplinary professional environment that cultivates scientific discovery and understanding.
Thank you for contributing to our advancement of science by behaving professionally, respectfully and collegially at all times. If you witness inappropriate behavior please notify a KAS staff person or officer.
Special Accommodations
We are doing our best to plan and host an Inclusive Scientific Meeting. KAS is committed to diversity, equity, inclusion, justice, and accessibility. If you have a suggestion or concern please share it with a KAS staff person or officer.
Gender Neutral restrooms are on the Student Union (3rd floor) and Griffin Hall (2nd Floor)
Mothers' Room is available in Student Union Room 106
A Practice Room is available for presenters in Griffin Hall 318
Land Acknowledgment
We are gathering on land previously inhabited by the Hopewell, Adena and Fort Ancient mound-builder peoples, and claimed by Shawnee and Cherokee tribes. For more information go to https://native-land.ca/
Campus Map & Floor Plan
NKU Campus Map
Student Union Floor Plan
Connecting to NKU Wireless
In the NKU Student Union and Griffin Hall:
SSID: KAS
Password (case sensitive): KAS!0149
Go into your device settings, then to Wi-Fi, and select the KAS network, and then enter the password to connect.
This is configured only in the Student Union building and Griffin Hall. If you move around the building, you may need to reconnect to the wireless (and re-enter the password).
NKU Wireless in other buildings:
The normal Norse_Guest wireless will still be available elsewhere on campus. Use the KAS Wireless in the Student Union or Griffin to create an account in Norse_Guest and use the KAS wireless to obtain your login credentials.
Food
Coffee & light breakfast will be available both days.
If you ordered a box lunch, it will be available to pick up Friday or Saturday from11:45 -1pm on the 1st floor of the Student Union
The Student Union 3nd floor Food Court (+ coffee shop) is open Friday for lunch, but not Saturday. There is no food or beverage available for purchase Saturday on campus.
The Newport Aquarium Friday evening event features a Taco Bar.
If you ordered Pizza & Salad for lunch Saturday show your nametag at Room 102 in the Student Union
The Saturday Business Meeting includes Lunch
Other NKU campus dining options
Photo contest
Share your creativity in the Annual Meeting photo contest!
With a phone in every pocket, we’re all photographers now! Please help us share the excitement and action during the 2023 KAS Annual Meeting and let your creativity shine by sharing your conference photos to social media.
You’ll win $50 if your photo is judged as the meeting’s best! You can join the contest by posting photos on Facebook, X-Twitter or Instagram using the hashtag #KASMeeting2023 . Post them by 8 p.m. on Sunday, Nov. 5.
You’ll find KAS on X-Twitter with the handle @Kyscientists. On Instagram, we’re kentuckyscience. Find us on Facebook under: Kentucky Academy of Science.
All Junior Academy Participants are required to start here- we'll provide an overview of the choices you have throughout the day and you'll get tips for how to make the most of your Kentucky Academy of Science / KJAS Annual meeting experience.
Zoology-Botany Section Meeting & Break at 9:45. Microbiology continues at 10:00. Microbiology Section meeting at 11:00
Open to everyone. Wikipedia is a free, online encyclopedia that anyone can edit, including you! This workshop will share tools and resources for beginning editors, and you might find that editing Wikipedia is easier and more enjoyable than you thought it would be.
Wikipedia is consistently ranked as one of the top ten most visited websites. Improving a Wikipedia page on a topic that you are passionate about is a way to share your knowledge with anyone who wants to learn. Because there are no paywalls, many see Wikipedia as a strategy for information equity and an important tool to share accurate information about important topics. It is a tool for science education as well as for science advocacy.
During this workshop, we will learn the basics of editing a Wikipedia page, then spend time improving pages on scientific topics and biographies of scientists from diverse underrepresented groups. You will leave with a new skill set as well as a bank of resources to use in the future. The last half hour of the workshop can be spent editing a Wikipedia page, or teachers who are interested in Wikipedia-based class assignments can choose to participate in a breakaway discussion about editing Wikipedia in the classroom.
Presenter: Dr. Jessica Lott, Northern Kentucky University
NASA Kentucky (Kentucky Space Grant Consortium and NASA EPSCoR Programs) presents current and ongoing research from NASA-related projects conducted at institutions across the state. NASA KY supports research in aerospace, aeronautics, space science and related disciplines such as energy, physics, geosciences, biomedical, human health and performance, and computer science.
The National Space Grant College & Fellowship Program was initiated by Congress in 1987 in response to the need to help maintain America's pre-eminence in aerospace science and technology. Kentucky Space Grant Consortium (KYSGC) is a diverse group of 29 affiliate members, including 18 Kentucky universities, colleges and community colleges, 5 industry partners, 4 science centers and 2 STEM educational organizations, partnered with NASA to support Kentucky college students, faculty and pre-college outreach. The national Space Grant network includes over 1,000 affiliates from universities, colleges, industry, museums, science centers, state and local agencies.
The NASA Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) supports partnerships with government, higher education and industry designed to effect lasting improvements in a state's research infrastructure and R&D competitiveness. Kentucky's NASA EPSCoR Program supports NASA-related research projects and partnerships in the state for any Kentucky institution of higher learning and their industry partners.
The microscopic examination of fossilized bone tissue is a sophisticated and increasingly important analytical tool for understanding the life history of ancient organisms. This study of the tissue of extinct animals is called paleohistology, and it is one of the newest and fastest-growing fields in the study of ancient life. Paleohistology helps us answer questions about the lives of dinosaurs and other ancient animals we never thought possible.
Because bone is laid down as an animal grows, vascular canals change orientation and density over time, and annual growth rings are often deposited. Since we can compare these patterns to those of living animals, we can determine metabolism and growth rates of the extinct animals, as well as how old the individuals were when they died. Special life events such as hatching and pregnancy have even been identified.
All paleontology is multidisciplinary - combining the sciences of biology and geology - but the study of paleohistology also involves medical professionals who can identify episodes of disease and injury in bone, biomechanical engineers who work on posture and locomotion, and ecologists who study population dynamics and survivorship trends. Therefore this session holds interest for many students, educators, and researchers.
This session will feature current work on a monospecific population of ceratopsian dinosaurs from Montana. Through paleohistological methods, these researchers are establishing metabolic rates, growth dynamics, survivorship, and even herding and other social behaviors of this species. Meeting attendees will be exposed to a fascinating field they may not have even known existed.
Section Meeting will follow talks
Annual Meeting Overview
Registration & Abstracts
2023 Keynote Speakers
2023 Sponsors
2023 Career Fair & Exhibitors
Social Media Photo Contest
Welcome to Northern Kentucky University
Publish Your Research
Under 18 Waiver
2023
2023 Annual Meeting Program
November 3-4, 2023
Welcome to the 109th
Kentucky Academy of Science Annual Meeting
at Northern Kentucky University
and
the 91st Anniversary meeting of the Kentucky Junior Academy
of Science
Kentucky Academy of Science Annual Meeting
at Northern Kentucky University
and
the 91st Anniversary meeting of the Kentucky Junior Academy
of ScienceWelcome to Northern Kentucky University
Dr. Samantha Langley, Vice-Provost for Graduate Education, Research and Outreach
We are delighted to host the annual meeting of the Kentucky Academy of Sciences at Northern Kentucky University. NKU has an active and vibrant STEM community that includes faculty conducting research supported by funders such as the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health, students that engage in research through our Institute for Student Research, Scholarship and Creative Activity (ISRCA) and through the Center for Integrative Natural Science and Mathematics (CINSAM), and many initiatives that support P-12 students interested in STEM events, summer camps and academies. In FY23 NKU faculty received 82 externally funded research awards totaling over $12M in funding – an institutional record. In addition, faculty mentored many students - over 200 presented their work at our annual Celebration event in the spring, and many mentored students who participated in our first year research experience (FYRE), and published their work in Nysa, our journal of student research. Here are a few recent highlights:
Valerie Hardcastle, Director of the Institute for Health Innovation secured a $2.8M Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) grant to strengthen northern Kentucky’s bioscience and health innovation ecosystem by providing skill development and workforce training in clinical research and entrepreneurship.
Mark Bardgett, Regent’s Professor of Psychological Science, received $548K from the National Institute of Health to study brain development after opioid drug use.
Dirk Grupe, Associate Professor and chair, Physics, Geology and Engineering Technology has recently published papers in Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Astrophysical Journal on black holes, more specifically accreting super-massive black holes in the centers of galaxies, which he observers mostly in the ultra-violet and X-ray regimes using NASA/ESA satellite observatories.
Vijay Raghavan, Professor of Computer Science, published a paper in the Journal of Computer Information Systems on how different project leadership styles improve project performance based on different types of employees and gender.
Allison Parker, Assistant Professor of Environmental Science, published a paper in PLoS ONE on how female mosquitos use visual and chemical cues to determine suitable habitats to oviposit their eggs. One of Allison’s student co-authors, Amber Miller, was awarded first place for this research in the Ecology division of the KAS student competition in 2021.
Welcome to northern Kentucky, and we hope you enjoy your time here at NKU!
Registration and many events will be in the NKU Student Union, 20 Kenton Dr, Highland Heights, KY 41076
Table of Contents
Welcome the Junior Academy
Code of Conduct
Special Accommodations
Land Acknowledgment
Campus Map & Floor Plan
Parking
WiFi at NKU
Food
Photo Contest
Sponsors
Exhibitors
View Friday Schedule Grid
View Saturday Schedule Grid
Friday morning November 3
8am Registration Desk opens
8am-9am Friday Poster setup
8am - 6pm Practice Room Available Griffin Hall 318
9am - 10am Junior Academy Orientation- Student Union 102
9am-12 noon Friday morning Oral Presentations
Agricultural Sciences - Griffin Hall 150
Engineering - Student Union 108
Health Sciences - Student Union 109
Zoology / Botany - Student Union 302
Microbiology - Student Union 302
9am - 12 noon Friday morning Poster Presentations - Ballroom
Computer & Information Sciences
Environmental Sciences
Mathematics
Ecology I
10am-12noon Junior Academy Visit to NKU Engineering
10am-12noon Junior Academy Visit to NKU Chemistry
10am-12noon Junior Academy Tour of NKU STEM facilities
11am STEM Career Fair & Exhibitors Tables
11:45-1:00 Box Lunch Pickup (by pre-order)
12:15 -1:15 Junior Academy Lunch & STEM Pathways panel - Griffin Hall 316
12:15-2:15pm Friday Workshops
Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon - Griffin Hall 155
Making the 'M' in STEM Explicit Student Union 105
Demystifying the Publishing Process (12:15-1:15) Student Union 108
Innovating Strategies in the Classroom - Student Union 302
Natural History Collections across Kentucky + NKU Herbarium - Science Center 168
The Future of EPSCoR - Student Union 104
12:45-2:15pm Friday Workshop
Science Policy & Advocacy - Student Union 109
1:15-2:15 Junior Academy Workshop:The Cancer Disparity in Kentucky: How Can I Help? - Griffin Hall 316
2:30-4:30 pm Friday afternoon Oral Presentation sessions
Aerospace Research in Kentucky Student Union 104
Psychology /Anthropology/Sociology Student Union 105
Computer & Information Sciences - Student Union 302
Ecology - Student Union 108
Mathematics - Griffin Hall 316
2:30-4:30 Junior Academy visit to StegoStudio MakerSpace in Steely Library
2:30-4:30 pm Friday afternoon Poster Presentations - Ballroom
Agricultural Sciences
Chemistry: Analytical & Physical
Engineering
Geography
Health Sciences
Science Education
Physics & Astronomy
5:00 pm Friday Plenary Session- Greaves Hall, NKU Fine Arts Center
Rebecca Blankenship and Mason Kalinsky
7pm Friday evening November 3
Scientists' Night Out at the Newport Aquarium
or
7pm Planetarium Show at the NKU Haile Planetarium ($5 suggested donation)
Saturday November 4
8am Breakfast - Kentucky Geoscience Workforce Discussion (all are welcome!) - Griffin Hall 316
8am Breakfast for KCTCS Faculty - Griffin Hall 144
8am - 6pm Practice Room Available Griffin Hall 318
9am-12 noon Saturday morning Oral Presentations
Special Session: Dinosaurs Under the Microscope - Griffin Hall 316
Environmental Sciences - Student Union 302
Geology - Griffin Hall 316
Physiology & Biochemistry - Student Union 108
Science Education - Griffin Hall 150
Physics & Astronomy- Student Union 109
9am - 12 noon Saturday morning Poster Presentations - Ballroom
Anthropology / Sociology
Cellular & Molecular Biology
Chemistry: Organic/Inorganic
Ecology II
Zoology / Botany
Microbiology
10am - 3:30pm Exhibitors
11:45-1pm Box Lunch pickup or Pizza (by pre-order)
12:15-1:15pm KAS Business meeting luncheon (for members, by reservation)- Student Union 104
1:30-4:30 pm Saturday afternoon Oral Presentations
Cellular & Molecular Biology- Student Union 109
Chemistry-All- Student Union 302
Geography Student Union 105
1:30-4:30 pm Saturday afternoon Poster Presentations - Ballroom
Physiology & Biochemistry
Psychology
1:30-4:30 Saturday afternoon Workshops
Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning: A student-centered approach for STEM classrooms - Griffin Hall 150
Engaging Hands-On Activities for the 8 April 2024 Total Solar Eclipse - Griffin Hall 316
1:30 Saturday Field Trips (by RSVP)
Afternoon field trip to Big Bone Lick State Historic Site
Afternoon field trip to the NKU and Thomas More University Field Stations - meet in circle in front of Student Union
Thank you to our Sponsors and Partners
Thank you to our partners at NKU
NKU Office of Education, Research and Outreach
Institute for Student Research, Scholarship and Creative Activity (ISRCA)
Center for Integrative Natural Science and Mathematics (CINSAM)
NKU Physics, Geology and Engineering Technology; NKU Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
Kentucky Center for Mathematics; NKU Department NKU Career Center, NKU MakerSpace, Community Connections, NKU Herbarium, NKU Catering
Thank you to our Field Trip Presenters:
Thomas More University Field Station
NKU Research & Education Field Sttion (REFS)
Big Bone Lick State Historic Site
Geological Society of Kentucky
and Kentucky Paleontological Society
Thank you to our All-Star Local Arrangements Team at Northern Kentucky University
Shauna Reilly, Julie Reizner, Seyed Allameh, Dirk Grupe, KC Russell, Rick Boyce, Dick Durtsche, Madhura Kulkarni, Michael Guy, Kebede Gemene
Thank you to KAS Officers
President Julie Reizner
President -Elect Noel Novelo
Vice President LiLi Zyzak
Past President Jon Dixon
Thank you to our Program Coordinator and Kentucky Junior Academy Director
Melony Stambaugh
Thank you to Our 2023 Section Leaders & Session Chairs
Aerospace Research in Kentucky
Jacob Owen, NASA-KY
Agricultural Sciences
Vacant
Anthropology and Sociology
Ann Kingsolver, University of Kentucky
Timothy Hare, Morehead State University
Cellular and Molecular Biology
Mahavir Singh, University of Louisville
Farrukh Aqil, University of Louisville
Chemistry: Analytical/ Physical
Emmalou Schmittzehe, Morehead State University
Chemistry: Organic / Inorganic
Elizabeth Thomas, Morehead State University
Laura Rowe, Eastern Kentucky University
Computer and Information Sciences
Muzaffar Ali, Bellarmine University
Neil Moore, University of Kentucky
Dinosaurs Under the Microscope:
Julie Reizner, Northern Kentucky University
Ecology
Ben Brammell, Asbury University
Jessica Moon, Murray State University
Engineering
Aaron Daley, US Army Corps of Engineers
Seyed Allameh, Northern Kentucky University
Environmental Science
John Starnes, KCTCS
Geography
Christopher Day, University of Louisville
Geology
Dan Phelps, Kentucky Paleontological Society
Richard Smath, University of Kentucky
Health Sciences
Avinash Tope, Kentucky State University
Mathematics
Doug Chatham, Morehead State University
Joshua Qualls, Morehead State University
Microbiology
Geoff Gearner, Morehead State University
Physics and Astronomy
Marilyn Akins, Bluegrass Community and Technical College
Kevin Adkins, Morehead State University
Physiology and Biochemistry
Michael Guy, Northern Kentucky University
Cecilia Ramilo, KCTCS
Psychology
Matthew Shake, Western Kentucky University
Kinsey Bryant-Lees, Northern Kentucky University
Science Education
Wilson Gonzales-Espada, Morehead State University
Zoology / Botany
David Eisenhour, Morehead State University
David Hayes, Eastern Kentucky University
Thank you Rob Weber for Cover Design & Program Layout
Thank you to our partners at NKU
NKU Office of Education, Research and Outreach
Institute for Student Research, Scholarship and Creative Activity (ISRCA)
Center for Integrative Natural Science and Mathematics (CINSAM)
NKU Physics, Geology and Engineering Technology; NKU Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
Kentucky Center for Mathematics; NKU Department NKU Career Center, NKU MakerSpace, Community Connections, NKU Herbarium, NKU Catering
Thank you to our Field Trip Presenters:
Thomas More University Field Station
NKU Research & Education Field Sttion (REFS)
Big Bone Lick State Historic Site
Geological Society of Kentucky
and Kentucky Paleontological Society
Visit Our Event Exhibitors
University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy
The number six ranked University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy is a national leader in pharmacy education. Our College and our students are consistently ranked in the top of the profession nationally. The College has maintained a top 10 ranking for the last 40 years and continues its drive to help students achieve their fullest potential as they enter the pharmacy profession. At the UK College of Pharmacy, we know that revolutionary drug therapies and health care innovations are born from diverse backgrounds and experiences of our students, faculty, and staff. UK's flexible PharmD and PhD Programs offers students the opportunity to find their path through advanced opportunities, international studies, community service, health care practice, and research.
KY- INBRE at University of Louisville
The KY INBRE (formerly KBRIN) is a collaborative network of biomedical researchers in state-supported and independent institutions of higher education within Kentucky and is funded through a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS).
WKU Department of Earth, Environmental, and Atmospheric Sciences
The EEAS provides relevant, up-to-date, and integrative undergraduate and graduate educational experiences in the broader field of the earth, environmental, and atmospheric sciences. WKU EEAS strives to provide outstanding geoscience programs, with broad international connections, to meet the challenges of the Anthropocene. The Department offers three undergraduate programs, one undergraduate certificate and one graduate program, which are designed to meet the career goals of students in a wide variety of geoscience areas. We aim to develop exceptional undergraduates and graduates in our programs and in colonnade courses, to engage students in critical thinking and problem-solving education, and relevant training in the classroom, laboratory, and field settings. We aim to enhance the reputation of the Department and its constituencies through meaningful research, community engagement, public service, and workforce development.
Programs offered: Bachelor of Science in Environmental, Sustainability, and Geographic Studies; Bachelor of Science in Geological Sciences; Bachelor of Science in Meteorology; Geographic Information Systems, Certificate; Emergency Management Disaster Science, Certificate; Master of Science in Geoscience.
Peace Corps
In the Peace Corps, we take a different approach to making a difference. Our Volunteers are inspired by impact that is hands-on, grassroots-driven, and lasting. By immersing ourselves in communities abroad, the Peace Corps works side-by-side with local leaders to tackle the most pressing challenges of our generation. From leading health campaigns to boosting local entrepreneurship to teaching digital literacy, the Peace Corps offers a range of opportunities for our Volunteers to take on new challenges. Are you ready to work for the world? Find your new path at https://www.peacecorps.gov/.
Kentucky Youth Law Project, Inc
The Kentucky Youth Law Project, Inc., is a nonprofit legal services organization whose mission is to enhance and protect the legal rights of Kentucky's LGtQIA+ children and youth through free legal representation, education and training, and public policy advocacy. Because 40% of all homeless youth identify as LGBTQIA+ our goal is to reduce homelessness and promote equal treatment of LGBTQIA+ children and youth in social welfare agencies, government services, the courts, and public schools throughout Kentucky. KYLP is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation. Our Tax Identity Number is 46-5170220.
University of Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey
The Kentucky Geological Survey (KGS) is a publicly-supported research center located on the main campus of the University of Kentucky. We serve the state of Kentucky by conducting research and providing unbiased information about geologic resources, environmental issues, and natural hazards affecting Kentucky.
Kentucky Heritage Land Conservation Fund
Established in 1990, the Kentucky Heritage Land Conservation Fund (KHLCF) is the primary source of state funding for the purchase and management of natural areas. It is used to purchase land from willing sellers for nature preserves, state parks, state forests, wildlife management areas, environmental education areas, wild rivers and wetlands. The KHLCF Board protects each site in perpetuity with a conservation easement or deed
restriction. The Kentucky Academy of Science holds a seat on the Committee overseeing this fund.
Kentucky State University Land Grant Programs
The new College of Agriculture, Community and the Sciences (CACS) is composed of five schools, including the School of Agriculture, Communities, and the Environment; School of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences; School of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics; School of Education, Human Development, and Consumer Sciences; and the School of Nursing. There are many exciting undergraduate and graduate degree program areas housed in the five schools. Additionally, the CACS also works closely with the Kentucky State University Land Grant Program and its Research, Extension, and outreach programs.
Kentucky Geographic Alliance
The Kentucky Geographic Alliance is a grassroots organization of educators supporting geographic education. We provide support services for P-12 teachers in the Commonwealth to enhance the geographic awareness of students. As a part of this initiative we send out Kentucky in the News once a month in which local news stories are related to geography for use in Kentucky classrooms. National Geographic maps and other resources are also available from the KGA. We encourage you to join us!
Northern Kentucky University Office of Graduate Education
Our personalized student focus makes Northern Kentucky University the premier choice for furthering your education and enhancing your career path. Our graduate programs are born in theory and grown in practice, giving you the core competencies and the confidence needed to succeed and lead in your career.
University of Louisville School of Medicine-Integrated Programs in Biomedical Sciences
The Integrated Programs in Biomedical Sciences (IPIBS) at the University of Louisville, is a gateway for graduate students interested in biomedical research as a career choice. The University of Louisville offers a supportive academic environment in a friendly, vibrant city and a financial assistance package consisting of an annual stipend, health insurance, and full tuition coverage.
Graduate students enter the IPIBS program through one of the five basic biomedical discipline-based Ph.D. programs at the School of Medicine. IPIBS awards fellowships for students in the first two years in the program, after which support is maintained through the Departments.
Thank you to our All-Star Local Arrangements Team at Northern Kentucky University
Shauna Reilly, Julie Reizner, Seyed Allameh, Dirk Grupe, KC Russell, Rick Boyce, Dick Durtsche, Madhura Kulkarni, Michael Guy, Kebede Gemene
Thank you to KAS Officers
President Julie Reizner
President -Elect Noel Novelo
Vice President LiLi Zyzak
Past President Jon Dixon
Thank you to our Program Coordinator and Kentucky Junior Academy Director
Melony Stambaugh
Thank you to Our 2023 Section Leaders & Session Chairs
Aerospace Research in Kentucky
Jacob Owen, NASA-KY
Agricultural Sciences
Vacant
Anthropology and Sociology
Ann Kingsolver, University of Kentucky
Timothy Hare, Morehead State University
Cellular and Molecular Biology
Mahavir Singh, University of Louisville
Farrukh Aqil, University of Louisville
Chemistry: Analytical/ Physical
Emmalou Schmittzehe, Morehead State University
Chemistry: Organic / Inorganic
Elizabeth Thomas, Morehead State University
Laura Rowe, Eastern Kentucky University
Computer and Information Sciences
Muzaffar Ali, Bellarmine University
Neil Moore, University of Kentucky
Dinosaurs Under the Microscope:
Julie Reizner, Northern Kentucky University
Ecology
Ben Brammell, Asbury University
Jessica Moon, Murray State University
Engineering
Aaron Daley, US Army Corps of Engineers
Seyed Allameh, Northern Kentucky University
Environmental Science
John Starnes, KCTCS
Geography
Christopher Day, University of Louisville
Geology
Dan Phelps, Kentucky Paleontological Society
Richard Smath, University of Kentucky
Health Sciences
Avinash Tope, Kentucky State University
Mathematics
Doug Chatham, Morehead State University
Joshua Qualls, Morehead State University
Microbiology
Geoff Gearner, Morehead State University
Physics and Astronomy
Marilyn Akins, Bluegrass Community and Technical College
Kevin Adkins, Morehead State University
Physiology and Biochemistry
Michael Guy, Northern Kentucky University
Cecilia Ramilo, KCTCS
Psychology
Matthew Shake, Western Kentucky University
Kinsey Bryant-Lees, Northern Kentucky University
Science Education
Wilson Gonzales-Espada, Morehead State University
Zoology / Botany
David Eisenhour, Morehead State University
David Hayes, Eastern Kentucky University
Thank you Rob Weber for Cover Design & Program Layout
2023 KAS Annual Meeting Online Program
Junior Academy Collaboration
It is very exciting to have the Junior Academy joining us for the second year. It is especially gratifying for this to happen here at my alma mater - Go Norse! We have created this opportunity for middle and high school students to see the work of undergraduates, graduates, and faculty members. I believe that it is important to begin making connections to the type of research that interests us and to the people who are doing that research. Let us use this opportunity to guide the next generation of scientists towards their future scientific ventures.The support we receive from KAS is invaluable and the mechanism that makes this collaboration happen. Please help support these budding scientists and welcome them to KAS and NKU!
Melony Stambaugh
Director, Kentucky Junior Academy of Science
Program Coordinator, Kentucky Academy of Science
KAS Code of Conduct
The Kentucky Academy of Science Annual Meeting is an interdisciplinary professional environment that cultivates scientific discovery and understanding.
Thank you for contributing to our advancement of science by behaving professionally, respectfully and collegially at all times. If you witness inappropriate behavior please notify a KAS staff person or officer.
Special Accommodations
We are doing our best to plan and host an Inclusive Scientific Meeting. KAS is committed to diversity, equity, inclusion, justice, and accessibility. If you have a suggestion or concern please share it with a KAS staff person or officer.
Gender Neutral restrooms are on the Student Union (3rd floor) and Griffin Hall (2nd Floor)
Mothers' Room is available in Student Union Room 106
A Practice Room is available for presenters in Griffin Hall 318
Land Acknowledgment
We are gathering on land previously inhabited by the Hopewell, Adena and Fort Ancient mound-builder peoples, and claimed by Shawnee and Cherokee tribes. For more information go to https://native-land.ca/
Campus Map & Floor Plan
NKU Campus Map
Student Union Floor Plan
Parking
If you are driving please park in the garage on Kenton Drive across from the Student Union.Connecting to NKU Wireless
In the NKU Student Union and Griffin Hall:
SSID: KAS
Password (case sensitive): KAS!0149
Go into your device settings, then to Wi-Fi, and select the KAS network, and then enter the password to connect.
This is configured only in the Student Union building and Griffin Hall. If you move around the building, you may need to reconnect to the wireless (and re-enter the password).
NKU Wireless in other buildings:
The normal Norse_Guest wireless will still be available elsewhere on campus. Use the KAS Wireless in the Student Union or Griffin to create an account in Norse_Guest and use the KAS wireless to obtain your login credentials.
Food
Coffee & light breakfast will be available both days.
If you ordered a box lunch, it will be available to pick up Friday or Saturday from11:45 -1pm on the 1st floor of the Student Union
The Student Union 3nd floor Food Court (+ coffee shop) is open Friday for lunch, but not Saturday. There is no food or beverage available for purchase Saturday on campus.
The Newport Aquarium Friday evening event features a Taco Bar.
If you ordered Pizza & Salad for lunch Saturday show your nametag at Room 102 in the Student Union
The Saturday Business Meeting includes Lunch
Other NKU campus dining options
Photo contest
Share your creativity in the Annual Meeting photo contest!
With a phone in every pocket, we’re all photographers now! Please help us share the excitement and action during the 2023 KAS Annual Meeting and let your creativity shine by sharing your conference photos to social media.
You’ll win $50 if your photo is judged as the meeting’s best! You can join the contest by posting photos on Facebook, X-Twitter or Instagram using the hashtag #KASMeeting2023 . Post them by 8 p.m. on Sunday, Nov. 5.
You’ll find KAS on X-Twitter with the handle @Kyscientists. On Instagram, we’re kentuckyscience. Find us on Facebook under: Kentucky Academy of Science.
Friday, November 3, 2023 8:01am - 9:00am
Friday poster set up
Student Union Ballroom
If you are presenting a poster on Friday, please set it up on your numbered board between 8-9am. Posters should be removed between 4:30-5pm. Posters will be up all day so that people can see them at any time between 9 am-4:30pm.
Friday, November 3, 2023 8:59am - 10:00am
Junior Academy Orientation
Student Union 102
All Junior Academy Participants are required to start here- we'll provide an overview of the choices you have throughout the day and you'll get tips for how to make the most of your Kentucky Academy of Science / KJAS Annual meeting experience.Friday, November 3, 2023 9:00am - 11:00am
Oral Presentations - Zoology / Botany / Microbiology
Student Union 302
| Chair, Microbiology: Geoff Gearner | Secretary, Zoology / Botany: David Eisenhour |
| Chair, Zoology / Botany: David Hayes |
9:00 - DNA Barcoding of Kentucky Stream-dwelling Crayfishes (Faxonius spp.)
First Author
David Hayes
Eastern Kentucky University
Kentucky is home to approximately 70 species of crayfish, with the highest diversity found in the genus Faxonius. Several species that are native to Kentucky, including the notorious Rusty Crayfish (Favonius rusticus), have been introduced all over the world and cause considerable economic damage to fisheries and native aquatic flora and fauna. Despite extensive research on these animals in their introduced range, little work has been done in their native range. Here, I present DNA barcoding data from 197 crayfish specimens collected in all major drainages in the Commonwealth of Kentucky, with special emphasis on the stream-dwelling crayfishes in the genus Faxonius. Results from this work suggests at least two undescribed lineages in the state, a much narrower native range for F. rusticus in the state, and a range extension for one species previously known from TN. Additionally, introgression seems to be common between F. juvenilis and other species such as F. cristivarius and F. rusticus, both of which have been found to carry F. juvenilis mtDNA in drainages where they co-occur with F. juvenilis, which suggests using caution when interpreting DNA barcoding results in the absence of morphological information. DNA barcode data information presented here will be useful for future identification of native and invasive species but future work on this group should include population genetic/genomic analyses to clarify species limits.
9:15 - The effects of water conductivity on the respiration rates of larval salamanders.
First Author
Samantha North
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Richard Durtsche
Northern Kentucky University
Aquatic larval salamanders from the families Plethodontidae and Ambystomatidae both respirate using external gills. This mechanism for respiration utilizes counter current flow to re-oxygenate their blood. How elevated water conductivity levels affect this system of respiration, and subsequently the metabolism of these organisms is currently unknown. To investigate this, we began testing on the larval forms of four salamander species (Eurycea cirrigera, Ambystoma maculatum, Ambystoma jeffersonianum, Ambystoma barbouri) found in Kentucky. Testing was performed using an intermittent static flow respirometry system with fiber optical dissolved oxygen sensors (4 channel FireSting O2 Optical Oxygen Meters, PyroScience™️). These measurements were performed under different two different conductivity levels (low and high). We found that salamanders at higher conductivities showed trends for higher but erratic metabolic rates. Some species show trends towards decreased fitness. These trends could be observed in natural streams suffering pollution impacts (e.g., coal mine biproducts).
WITHDRAWN - Aggregation Behavior of Larvae in Different Temperatures.
First Author
Chloe Farmer
University of Kentucky
Insects detect and seek particular temperatures when given a choice. However, investigation of thermal preference over developmental stages is lacking in various species of insects. This is important as developmental rates can be impacted based on temperature. I investigated the thermal preference of the medicinal blowfly (Lucilia sericata) and the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) at various stages of larval development. Larvae of various stages of these two species were placed on agar dishes in an incubator at 10C with a thermal probe, in the dark. Infrared thermography and an Infrared camera detected the movements and temperatures across the agar plate. The larvae of the blowfly from the 1st to early 3rd instar stage are very sensitive to a warm probe and will aggregate by it but do not touch it as it will burn them. Although, the late 3rd instars crawled out of the dish instead of aggregating, searching for a place to pupate. Larval from 1st to late 3rd of D. melanogaster are not as sensitive to aggregate around the thermal probe but tend to widely distribute on the warmer side of the environment. This understanding and investigation have implications for forensic entomology and medical larval wound therapy.
10:00 - Effect of dietary flavonoids on growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
First Author
Vivian Rivera
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Joseph Marquardt
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Nilesh Sharma
Western Kentucky University
Plant foods contain a diversity of biologically active compounds called phytochemicals, produced by plant species as secondary metabolites. A phytochemical group known as flavonoids has received much scientific attention in recent times with respect to their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory roles. In this study, we are examining how quercetin and naringenin, the most common dietary flavonoids, affect growth potential of yeast. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model, a dose dependency effect of Quercetin and Naringenin was observed when treating liquid cultures at three different concentrations. These assays have shown that these phytochemicals have significant effect on yeast growth, with Quercetin showing the more dramatic slow growth phenotype. When the concentration of phytochemical was decreased so did the difference in slopes revealing a dose dependency of the effect of each phytochemical on yeast growth. Since these phytochemicals are part of natural diets and they resulted in slower growth potential in the eukaryotic yeast system, these findings could illustrate potential for natural therapeutics in growth related disease such as cancer.
10:15 - A comparison of SARS and COVID-19: The emergence of novel coronaviruses, the missing links, and the lessons learned
First Author
Alexander Lai
Kentucky State University
Emerging infectious diseases remain a significant public health threat. COVID-19 pandemic impacted not only human health with more than 1.1 million deaths in the United States, it also negatively impacted the economy with an estimated cost over $16 trillion. There were parallels between COVID-19 and SARS epidemics of 2003. The etiological agents of COVID-19 and SARS were SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1, respectively. Both were coronaviruses emerged from bat coronaviruses, both were originated from China. However, whereas the intermediate host for SARS-CoV-1 was identified, the intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2 remains elusive. Furthermore, the case-fatality rate for SARS was significantly higher than COVID-19. Whereas an effective vaccine was developed and deployed to mitigate COVID-19, there are many other viruses lurking in animal reservoirs. Another pandemic is inevitable. Lessons learned from SARS and from COVID-19 included stockpiling of supplies such as personal protective equipment, rapid deployment of diagnostics, real-time epidemiology, and evidence-based public health measures. Importantly, surveillance for emerging viruses with pandemic potential from zoonotic reservoirs and delineating the mechanism for zoonotic viruses to spread in humans are pertinent to prevent the next pandemic. There is a need for more research. Also, more students should be recruited into this field to be our next generation leaders in this regard.
10:30 - Characterization of a bacteriophage protein that is toxic to Mycobacterium smegmatis
First Author
Sofia Sileo
Gatton Academy
Co-author
Rodney King
Western Kentucky University
Antibiotic resistance is one of the most pressing public health concerns of our time. Currently, antibiotic resistance causes nearly 3 million infections and over 35,000 deaths in the U.S annually. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses with a natural ability to infect and destroy bacteria. Due to this natural ability, they are being investigated as an alternative approach to battle antibiotic resistant bacteria. The goal of this project was to identify bacteriophage genes whose protein products are toxic to the host cell. This approach bypasses the need to use whole phage for therapeutic treatment. The cytotoxicity of bacteriophage gene products was determined by expressing cloned phage genes in Mycobacterium smegmatis and monitoring cell growth. Our analysis revealed that the expression of the bacteriophage MooMoo gene 86 protein product prevents cell growth. We then employed a 2-hybrid assay to identify the host protein(s) that interact with the MooMoo gene 86 protein product. Sequence analysis of host gene clones revealed multiple interacting partners. This pattern was also observed with our controls, suggesting that the conditions we employed lack sufficient specificity to identify true/known interactions. We are currently troubleshooting the 2-hybrid assay to improve its specificity.
10:45 - Helping small-scale and socially disadvantaged growers
First Author
Avinash Tope
Kentucky State University
Co-author
John Thomas
Kentucky State University
More than 75% of farmers in Kentucky have produce sales of less than $25,000 per year; a threshold that is below which growers are required to implement the Produce Safety Rule (PCR) of the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA). Many growers use surface water sources for irrigation that can lead to pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination of produce. The purpose of this project is to improve income and economic opportunities for small and socially disadvantaged farmers by helping develop tools for improving water quality and to meet FSMA regulations, improve produce safety and thereby increase grower production. Water samples were collected from farms over the last year and tested for presence and enumeration of coliform bacteria along with E. coli using an IDEXX Colilert Test using Quanti-Tray/2000 system using Most Probable Number Method (quantitative, MPN/100ml); a test approved by United States Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) 21 CFR 112 method. So far, 261 individual tests have been performed, from 87 different producers across 13 counties throughout the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Overall, 77.4% of samples were detected with E. coli counts within the permissible limits of <126 CFU/100ml, of which 59.3% were groundwater and 18.1% were surface water sources. The remaining 22.6% of samples had E. coli counts >126 CFU/100ml, with 0.8% being groundwater and 21.8% surface water. This project provides technical support for small- and mid-sized producers to become compliant with regulatory and buyer specifications and standards to increase their direct market opportunities.
9:00 - Assessment of apparent digestibility coefficients of hempseed meals in largemouth bass (Micropterus nigricans)
First Author
Ravi Bhatta
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Ndakalimwe Naftal Gabriel
University of Namibia
Co-author
Kasondra Miller
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Waldemar Rossi
Kentucky State University
Globally the hemp industry production has increased due to the discovery of its nutritional and medicinal benefits. Hemp seed meal (HSM) has shown promise as an alternative protein source in aquaculture feeds due to its sustainable production and nutritional qualities, especially essential and non-essential amino acids. Therefore, the purpose of this digestibility trial was to evaluate HSM as an alternative protein source for largemouth bass (Micropterus nigricans).
An 11-week digestibility trial was conducted to investigate the digestibility of two HSM ingredients P30 and P50, with P50 having higher protein content. Four diets were formulated: reference, soybean meal (SBM), P30, and P50. Once a week fecal matter was collected from each of four replicate tanks with 20 fish each through the stripping method. Fecal matter was pooled by tank, dried at 65°C for 24 hours, and stored at 20°C pending chemical analysis. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, phosphorus, and various essential and non-essential amino acids were assessed. The study revealed significantly lower ADCs of crude protein in the reference treatment when compared to the SBM, P30, and P50 diets. Additionally, the P50 diet exhibited significantly higher dry matter ADCs compared to the reference diet. Further analysis of ADCs for specific amino acids, including Aspartate, Serine, Cysteine, and Arginine, indicated higher ADCs in P50, P30, and SBM diets compared to the reference diet. This research reflects the potential of HEM as a complementary source of nutrients and energy in largemouth bass feeds.
An 11-week digestibility trial was conducted to investigate the digestibility of two HSM ingredients P30 and P50, with P50 having higher protein content. Four diets were formulated: reference, soybean meal (SBM), P30, and P50. Once a week fecal matter was collected from each of four replicate tanks with 20 fish each through the stripping method. Fecal matter was pooled by tank, dried at 65°C for 24 hours, and stored at 20°C pending chemical analysis. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, phosphorus, and various essential and non-essential amino acids were assessed. The study revealed significantly lower ADCs of crude protein in the reference treatment when compared to the SBM, P30, and P50 diets. Additionally, the P50 diet exhibited significantly higher dry matter ADCs compared to the reference diet. Further analysis of ADCs for specific amino acids, including Aspartate, Serine, Cysteine, and Arginine, indicated higher ADCs in P50, P30, and SBM diets compared to the reference diet. This research reflects the potential of HEM as a complementary source of nutrients and energy in largemouth bass feeds.
9:15 - Assessing Dietary Additives for Enhancing the Nutrition and Growth of Juvenile Freshwater Plain Pocketbook Mussels
First Author
Ashton Schardt
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Kasondra Miller
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Waldemar Rossi
Kentucky State university
Freshwater mussel nutrition research is in the infancy of discovering how certain commercial products provide essential nutrients for mussels. On a whole we still do not know exactly what nutrients they hold on to and which ones they send downstream. Commercial marine algae feeds and additives have been used in captive freshwater mussel culture as an alternative to live algae. A study is under way assessing various commercial algae feeds and additive treatments. Nine experimental treatments were formulated with a negative control, four treatments of paste algae and four treatments of freeze-dried algae with additives (probiotic, worm casing and a commercial algae replacement). 20 mussels per tank are stocked into 36 9L tanks in a static system. The mussels are fed once a day after the 30% water exchange from each tank. Water exchanges happen every 8 hours; over 24 hours the tanks receive a 100% water exchange. Every two weeks the mussels will be sampled to access length, growth, and mortalities. Pictures are taken to be used for growth analysis. Growth is measured using a computer program called Image-Pro Plus, which is an imaging software that measures the animals in millimeters. The feed is adjusted after each sampling event according to weight gain. Following the conclusion of the trial, results including final weight, biweekly growth rate, bi-weekly length measurements, and survival will be presented. Further analysis will be conducted for protein, energy, potential amino acid, fatty acid and carbohydrate profiles in the mussels.
9:30 - Assessing soybean growth integrating drone and satellite imagery data
First Author
Lalit Pun Magar
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Suraj KC
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Jeremy Sandifer
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Anuj Chiluwal
Kentucky State University
Aerial phenotyping has been extensively used to monitor crop growth, physiological parameters, plant health, and yield prediction. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is the most used vegetation indices as it has consistently shown its effectiveness in measuring several morphophysiological traits in many crops including soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). However, there is limited information on the comparison between NDVI extracted from satellite and drone (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle or UAV) based aerial images. Hence in this study, we are comparing and studying the association between the NDVI extracted from drone and satellite imagery. Aerial images were collected from UAV equipped with RGB, multispectral, and thermal cameras at multiple time points during soybean growing season in a field experiment at Kentucky State University's Harold R. Benson Research and Demonstration Farm. Satellite images near the same date will also be acquired. NDVI data will be extracted from both aerial images. Their association will be analyzed, and the results will be presented and discussed.
9:45 - Evaluation of two black soldier fly meals in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei
First Author
Oluwafemi Adebayo
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Kasondra Miller
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Waldemar Rossi
Kentucky State University
The increasing cost of fish meal as an animal protein source in the diet of aquatic animals has necessitated the need for alternative protein sources that will be cheaper and nutritionally viable for marine species. Black soldier fly meal (BSFM) has been found to be rich in nutrients such as protein and lauric acid, the latter being found to have virucidal and bactericidal properties. An 8-week growth trial was conducted to access the responses of Pacific white shrimp to two BSFMs, comprising a control meal with basal levels of lauric acid (C12) and another C12 enriched. The experiment was designed with seven diets (5 replicates/diet), comprising a BSFM- and C12-free free control diet (CTL), three diets with different levels of each BSFM, and three additional BSFM-free diets supplemented with purified C12. Groups of 12 shrimp (1g/shrimp) were stocked in 35, 110L-glass aquaria and fed four times a day with one of the randomly assigned diet. At the conclusion of the feeding trial production parameters were evaluated. The growth of the shrimp (g/week) in the BSFM diets was significantly higher than in the C12 diets. The diet with a combination the BSFMs supported higher protein retention efficiency than the diet with the highest level of purified C12.The diet containing BSFM with basal levels of C12 exhibited higher energy retention than the diets containing purified C12 and C12-enriched BSFM. Overall, the shrimp performed well when fed diets containing BSFMs with different levels of C12.
10:00 - Biochar and late season nitrogen fertilization effect on soybean yield and seed protein concentration
First Author
Deepak Khatri
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Suraj KC
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Anuj Chiluwal
Kentucky State University
Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seed protein concentration plays a key role in livestock and poultry nutrition. The efforts of various research over the decades have resulted in increased soybean yield. However, the protein concentration in soybean has constantly decreased in the U.S. Hence there is a need to identify optimal nitrogen management practices that will increase seed protein concentration and subsequently meal quality. A field experiment was conducted at the Kentucky State University's Herold Benson Farm, Frankfort, KY to test the effect of biochar and late season nitrogen fertilization on soybean yield and seed protein concentration.
Biochar was applied before planting at the rate of 12 ton/ha. There were four different levels of nitrogen fertilization treatments: 0,40, 80, and 120 kg N/ha. Fertilizer was applied in 3 equal split applications after beginning of seed filling stage (R5). The effect of biochar and late season N fertilization on soybean growth, physiological parameters and seed yield will be presented and discussed.
Biochar was applied before planting at the rate of 12 ton/ha. There were four different levels of nitrogen fertilization treatments: 0,40, 80, and 120 kg N/ha. Fertilizer was applied in 3 equal split applications after beginning of seed filling stage (R5). The effect of biochar and late season N fertilization on soybean growth, physiological parameters and seed yield will be presented and discussed.
10:15 - Effects of black soldier fly larval meal and lauric acid in practical diets for Largemouth Bass
First Author
Noah Jenkins
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Kasondra Miller
Kentucky state university
Co-author
Waldemar Rossi
Kentucky State University
A potential ingredient for the use in aquafeeds is lauric acid (C12), which is predominantly found in coconut oil and has been shown to have bactericidal properties which can benefit fish health. Enrichment of black soldier fly larvae with C12 is possible utilizing coconut as the feeding substrate. A growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of C12 on the production performance of largemouth bass (LMB; Micropterus nigricans). A set of seven isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated with varying levels of two black soldier fly meals (BSFM; one control and another C12 enriched) and different source of purified C12. A control diet lacking C12 was formulated and modified to originate six additional diets containing different concentrations of C12. Diets containing different levels of the BSFM had final C12 concentrations of 1.5%, 2.8%, and 4.5%, and those formulated with the purified source contained 1.6%, 3.5%, and 6.3% C12. The trial was conducted in an indoor recirculating aquaculture system comprised of 28, 110-L glass aquaria. Groups of 15 LMB (5g/fish) were stocked in each aquarium and fed twice daily at fixed rates which were adjusted every two weeks by assessing biomass and survival in each aquarium. Each experimental diet was randomly assigned to four groups. Results of the experiment indicated LMB responded well to dietary BSFM, but growth and feed efficiency reduced as the dietary level of C12 increased. When in excess, dietary C12 might have detrimental effects on the production performance of LMB and maximum inclusion.
10:45 - Potential for hempseed meal as an ingredient in shrimp feeds: a digestibility study with Pacific white shrimp
First Author
Aakriti Khanal
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Kasondra Miller
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Waldemar Rossi
Kentucky State University
Among traditional and novel protein feedstuffs with potential for use in aquafeeds is industrial hemp. Dehulled and oil-expelled hempseed meal (HSM) is high in crude protein and amino acids and low in anti-nutritional factors. A digestibility trial was conducted to access the nutritional value of industrial hemp for Pacific white shrimp. Four experimental diets were formulated by blending equal portions of a reference diet (35% Crude Protein (CP) and 10% lipid) mixture with each of three test ingredients i.e., HSM-P30 (35% CP and 20% crude fat (CF)), HSM-P50 (45% CP and 23% CF), and conventional soybean meal (CSBM) at 70:30 ratio. Each experimental diet was randomly assigned to four groups of twelve shrimps (10±1.0 g/shrimp) stocked in 16, 110-L glass aquaria in a recirculating aquaculture system. Shrimp in each aquarium were fed four times daily and water quality parameters were maintained within acceptable ranges. Fecal matter was collected four times throughout the day, discarding the first collection. To determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for CP, energy, and amino acids ~ 0.3% yttrium trioxide (Y2O3) was used in diet as an indicator. Based on our results, the calculated ADC for the test ingredients; HSM-P30, HSM-P50, and CSBM for crude protein was 81.9%, 92.6% and 95.2%, and for energy was 40.7%, 75.9% and 84.0%, respectively. Amino acid availability in the HSMs were variable but similar to that of CSBM. Based on our findings, the HSMs evaluated are well digested by the shrimp and can be a potential protein source for aquafeeds.
11:00 - Impact of soil amendments on organic sulfur compounds of field-grown onions
First Author
Eric Turley
Kentucky State University
Co-author
George Antonious
Kentucky State University
Onion is most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. Onion has been grown worldwide for at least 7,000 years. Onion is valued as food and medicine for the flavor and medicinal properties of its antioxidant organic sulfur compounds. A field study was conducted at Kentucky State University (KSU) Harold R. Benson Research and Demonstration Farm. The soil in five plots was mixed with sewage sludge, five plots were mixed with yard-waste compost, five plots were mixed with chicken manure each at 15t acre-1, and five unamended plots were used for comparison purposes. The plots were planted with onion, Allium cepa L. var. Super Star-F1. The objectives of this investigation were to: i) determine the concentrations of organosulfur compounds (dipropyl disulfide and dipropyl trisulfide) in onion bulbs and ii) investigate the effect of soil amendments (sewage sludge, yard-waste, and chicken manure) on the concentration of sulfur compounds in onion bulbs. Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analyses of onion oil in chloroform extracts revealed the presence of two major fragment ions that correspond to dipropyl disulfide and dipropyl trisulfide. Concentration of these two organic sulfur compounds was greatest (1.5 and 0.8 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight, respectively) in onion bulbs of plants grown in chicken manure and lowest (0.4 and 0.07 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight, respectively) in onion bulbs of plants grown in yard-waste compost treatments. We determined that chicken manure could be beneficially utilized in growing onions with health-promoting properties.
11:15 - Technical efficiency of ginger production in Salyan district of Nepal: stochastic production frontier approach
First Author
Sandeep Airee
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Asmita Bhandari
Development Vision Consultant Pvt. Ltd
Co-author
Atanu Mukherjee
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Nabin Bhusal
Agriculture and Forestry University
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is an important spice cash crop grown in the mid-hills of Nepal. However, the ginger production system is inefficient and statistics concerning the actual amount of inefficiency, as well as the reasons for inefficiency, are lacking. Technical efficiency of farming involves maximizing valuable output with the minimal or a specified input level for ginger production. A survey was conducted to evaluate the technical efficiency using the stochastic frontier approach by selecting 80 ginger producers of Salyan, using a simple random sampling technique. The findings revealed that the average technical efficiency of farmers was found to be 74.5% which suggests the potential to increase producers' technical efficiency by 25.5%. The coefficient of Farmyard Manure (FYM) was found to be positive and significant at 1% while the coefficient of seed was negatively significant at a 10% level of significance indicating farmers should emphasize quality and source of seed rather than quantity for optimum yield. The results showed that at a 5% level of significance, education, training, and access to credit were significant whereas subsidy and membership of cooperatives were significant at 10% level of significance and negatively affected the inefficiency. The five-point scaling technique shows that the rhizome rot and the lower market price were the major production constraints. Improving the use of quality seeds, and organic fertilizer, and promoting training and extension services can encourage good agriculture practices for rhizome rot management offering a sustainable solution to the technical inefficiency in ginger production in the studied area.
11:30 - Source sink manipulation to understand seed growth dynamics in different maturity groups soybean cultivars.
First Author
Sudip Poudel
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Anuj Chiluwal
Kentucky State University
Photoassimilates production in source and its transport to the sink is a vital physiological process in the plant. Any source or sink limitations during crop growth can lower crop productivity. Seed number and unit seed weight cumulatively determine grain yield in crop. Potential seed size in many crops including major cereals is determined during early seed developmental stages. However, previous studies in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) indicate that final seed size is determined in later developmental stages and is more dependent on assimilate supply during the seed filling phase. However, the stage when final seed size is determined in soybean is not clearly understood especially under the field conditions.
Hence, seed growth dynamics under the increased assimilate supply during different seed filling period is studied in a field experiment at Frankfort, KY. Two soybean cultivars, one each from Maturity Group 2 and Maturity Group 4 were used to assess seed growth dynamics under control and increased assimilate supply during different seed filling period. Treatments consisted of a control, and a depodding (pod removal) treatments at weekly intervals after R5 (beginning of seed filling stage) until maturity. Only 4 to 6 pods (one pod in a node) were maintained in a plant in depodding treatments to provide a higher assimilate supply to remaining seeds. Final unit seed weight, pod weight, seed filling rate and duration across the treatments will be analyzed and result will be presented with a main goal of identifying final seed size determining stage in soybean.
Hence, seed growth dynamics under the increased assimilate supply during different seed filling period is studied in a field experiment at Frankfort, KY. Two soybean cultivars, one each from Maturity Group 2 and Maturity Group 4 were used to assess seed growth dynamics under control and increased assimilate supply during different seed filling period. Treatments consisted of a control, and a depodding (pod removal) treatments at weekly intervals after R5 (beginning of seed filling stage) until maturity. Only 4 to 6 pods (one pod in a node) were maintained in a plant in depodding treatments to provide a higher assimilate supply to remaining seeds. Final unit seed weight, pod weight, seed filling rate and duration across the treatments will be analyzed and result will be presented with a main goal of identifying final seed size determining stage in soybean.
11:45 - The use of YY males for genetic improvement in Nile Tilapia
First Author
Ayomide Taiwo
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Noel Novelo
Kentucky State University
Nile Tilapia Oreochmis niloticus (NT) is a popular fish due to its ease of farming and food preparation. NT gained significant attention worldwide due to its human nutrition and trade value. It originates from genetic resources in Africa and the Jordan Valley, and currently its global production sustains global food security. Genetic research has focused on addressing traits of economic importance such as growth rates, fecundity, feed consumption efficiency, and all male production. All-male production is important because it eliminates reproduction associated to mixed-sex farming, and because males grow faster and larger than females. This review aimed to examine use of YY males in NT production, and to identify questions or problem areas and challenges. The implementation of YY technology has led to all-male production at a commercial scale without use of use of hormones on fish destined for human consumption. YY males can effectively produce all-male populations and contribute to improved NT growth performance. Recent research demonstrates that YY broodstock produce reliably higher numbers of phenotypic males (80-100%) than XY male broodstock. Genetic improvement has emerged as a practical approach for enhancing desirable traits in NT, with the use of YY males being a valuable strategy. By employing this sex control technique, YY males provide leverage to boost all-male production without use of 17α-methyltestosterone. YY males accelerate growth rates, and produce commercially advantageous traits. Applying YY male technology in genetic improvement programs holds tremendous potential to promote sustainable NT farming, but it still has its challenges.
9:00 - Research on Electric Motors and Power Electronics for Future Battery and Hydrogen Operated Aircraft
First Author
Donovin Lewis
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Dan Ionel
University of Kentucky
The presentation describes a recently proposed electric machine topology combining a coreless Halbach PM array axial flux unit and a PM-less synchronous hybrid excited radial flux unit to take advantage of opportunities available in the unique usage profile for aviation. The development of electrically propelled aircraft requires electric machines that are fault-tolerant, compact, and efficient at multiple operating points. The coreless axial flux PM (CAFPM) motor consists of two Halbach array PM rotors, two stators, and an integrated cooling plate to enable high efficiency at maximal current density. The stator DC-excited synchronous (SDCES) motor operates using AC 3-phase and DC stator windings employing concentrated non-overlapping toroidal coils with a reluctance consequent-pole rotor. Combining both units takes advantage of the high specific power and efficiency of the CAFPM due to the Halbach array and cooling potential and the fault tolerance of the SDCES, with no potential for demagnetization. The research reported was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) University Leadership Initiative (ULI) #80NSSC22M0068 on Integrated Zero-Emission Aircraft. Early versions of a coreless permanent magnet motor with a printed circuit board stator PCB motor and drives were supported through NASA Grant no. KY GF-20-055.
9:15 - A simulation software for ice particles in hypersonic flows
First Author
Ethan Huff
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Hailong Chen
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Savio Poovathingal
University of Kentucky
When vehicles travel at hypersonic velocities in the atmosphere, they can strike suspended ice particles, and this can damage the vehicle's surface. However, the state of the ice may change between the time of crossing the vehicle shock and striking the surface, creating difficulty in predicting the level of damage that will occur. Behind the shock, the ice particles are subjected to a high-pressure, high-temperature environment which could cause fracture and fragmentation to occur in addition to any melting that occurs. In order to study the fracture and fragmentation processes of ice particles in hypersonic environments, a coupled fluid-solid mechanics simulation framework is in development which is tailored to the rarefied flows and brittle-type fractures expected in these conditions. Gas is simulated using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, and solids are simulated using the lattice particle method (LPM). The framework loosely couples the two methods. The LPM simulation receives updated forces from the simulated fluid flow, and the DSMC simulation receives updated surfaces from the simulated solid state, allowing flow to permeate into cracks generated within the solid. This simulation framework can be used to aid in developing simplified fracture models for ice in computational fluid dynamics simulations.
9:30 - Experimental Characterization of Radiative Transport in Thermal Protection Systems
First Author
Colby Gore
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Jack Maddox
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Savio Poovathingal
University of Kentucky
During atmospheric re-entry, aerodynamic heating creates a high-enthlapy
flow in the boundary layer around the vehicle. Thermal protection systems
(TPS) are commonly constructed from fibrous insulation materials to inhibit
heat transfer from the boundary layer to the payload. Two experimental efforts
are in progress to characterize the contribution of radiation to thermal transport
through fibrous TPS materials used on space capsules. A genetic algorithm will
be used to model the non-linear contribution of radiative transport coupled with
solid conduction through fibrous LI-2200. This study will include two concur-
rent experiments, one at the University of Kentucky Paducah Campus and the
other in the HyMETS arc-jet plasma tunnel at NASA Langley Research Center
(LaRC). The experimental campaign in the NASA arc-jet tunnel will enable in-
situ spectral characterization of the TPS material response. The experimental
results will be used to verify and extend computational models used in TPS
design.
flow in the boundary layer around the vehicle. Thermal protection systems
(TPS) are commonly constructed from fibrous insulation materials to inhibit
heat transfer from the boundary layer to the payload. Two experimental efforts
are in progress to characterize the contribution of radiation to thermal transport
through fibrous TPS materials used on space capsules. A genetic algorithm will
be used to model the non-linear contribution of radiative transport coupled with
solid conduction through fibrous LI-2200. This study will include two concur-
rent experiments, one at the University of Kentucky Paducah Campus and the
other in the HyMETS arc-jet plasma tunnel at NASA Langley Research Center
(LaRC). The experimental campaign in the NASA arc-jet tunnel will enable in-
situ spectral characterization of the TPS material response. The experimental
results will be used to verify and extend computational models used in TPS
design.
9:45 - Numerical simulations to predict permeability and oxidation of thermal protection systems materials.
First Author
Vijay Mohan Ramu
University of kentucky
Co-author
Savio Poovathingal
University of kentucky
Thermal protection systems (TPS) materials used in hypersonic applications undergo physical changes (ablation) when subjected to high heat fluxes during re-entry conditions. Porous carbon composites impregnated with phenolic resin are generally used as TPS materials. The heat fluxes during re-entry conditions eject the phenolic resin through pyrolysis from the microstructure and leaves behind a highly porous charred microstructure. Permeability is an important microscale property that dictates the flow of gases through the complex pores, and it depends on the geometry of the pores, temperature and the gaseous species flowing through the pores. Determination of permeability through physical experiments can be a tedious and time-consuming process. We leverage the capabilities of DSMC simulations to be relevant in both continuum and non-continuum flows to evaluate the permeability of porous char layers in TPS materials and we completely forego the need to use Klinkenberg formulation (first order non-continuum approximation) and evaluate permeability through first principles [2]. In our recently published work, we were able to train a support vector machine that predicts the permeability of TPS materials for a wide range of pressure, temperature, and pyrolysis gaseous species [3]. The database required to train such a model was possible through repeated runs of the SPARTA DSMC solver. The charred microstructure further degrades because of the oxidation of carbon fibers with high temperature gaseous molecules transporting through the porous (charred) material. In parallel to the work on permeability, we build upon the unique insights gained from detailed micro scale (DSMC) simulations of individual carbon fibers subject to oxidation and work towards developing a supervised learning model capable of predicting the oxidation of individual fibers. The supervised learning model once trained will provide an effective pathway to link the micro scale simulations with macro scale modeling.
10:00 - Reverse Monte Carlo ray-tracing radiation solver to model absorptivity and non-isothermal emission of TPS materials
First Author
Ahmed H. Yassin
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Savio J. Poovathingal
University of Kentucky
An in-house radiation solver using a reverse Monte Carlo ray-tracing (RMCRT) method is developed to solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE) within ablative materials. The solver is used to model the anisotropic scattering behavior of photons within fibrous material. To model the anisotropic scattering, the analysis used a linear phase function for its mathematical simplicity and a Henyey-Greenstein phase function, which is more precise in describing the anisotropic scattering of fibrous ablators. The medium was homogenized on the basis of the effective radiative coefficients estimated from a previous study. The simulation setup to obtain the spectral absorptivity and emission of a medium, where the medium is confined between two infinite parallel plates. The analysis led to the development of two models: a generalized relation to compute the emissivity of a scattering medium as a function of the scattering albedo and the asymmetry factor, and a novel approach to predict radiative emission from the medium purely from the temperature distribution inside the material. The two models enable an accurate prediction of absorbed radiation and radiative emissions without the need to explicitly solve the RTE.
10:15 - Developing MISL-DAQ and MISL-Expansion Layers for CubeSat Research
First Author
David Whittington
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Jaycie Bussell
Northern Kentucky Universtiy
Co-author
Avery DeVore
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Gang Sun
Northern Kentucky University
CubeSats, standardized miniature satellites exclusive to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), conduct scientific research that has a critical need for cost-effective and reliable components. MISL, a Modular Integrated Stackable Layer structure, can be used as a low-cost, modular, and scalable electronic hardware system that can withstand a microgravity environment. The newly proposed instrumentation will consist of two additional layers: 1. a DAQ (Data Acquisition Layer) that will be designed for multiple-channel, high-resolution data sampling, conversion, processing, and storage, and 2. an Expansion layer with ports to easily add additional components for future installations of electronic designs. This research builds upon the previously established MISL Power and MSP430F5438A Intelligence layers - used to supply power and provide computing. This research project seeks to integrate the state-of-the-art embedded MISL (Modular Integratable Stackable Layers) architecture into CubeSat electronics design to address NASA mission directorate challenges in space science research and produce advanced technologies for public use in LEO experiments and services.
10:45 - Computationally Developing Methods to Better Develop Antibodies for Alzheimer's Diagnosis
First Author
Chaturya Paladugu
duPont Manual High School
Co-author
Sobha Bodduluri
University of Louisville
Alzheimer's disease diagnosis is continuously making novel changes, however the usage of a blood-based test biomarker has yet to be fully approved. Our study introduces a de novo approach to design antibodies which detect Alzheimer's based on ptau231 levels in blood samples. With the use of molecular dynamics to assess antibody-antigen interactions and machine learning, we hypothesize for our computational design to benefit the efficiency of Alzheimer's disease diagnostics. First, we developed a model of ptau231 and assessed its structure and molecular interactions with various chemicals. From this information, we designed examples antibodies with a focus on high affinity towards ptau231 epitopes. With the use of machine learning, we predict an antibody sequence based on the levels of ptau231 in blood samples. To test our methods, we used in vitro experiments from mice samples to validate the computational performance. Based on literature review, we tested assay performance based on a series of four characteristics: dynamic range, assay variability, assay reproducibility, and assay stability. We hope with the application of these methods, a development in Alzheimer's diagnosis will result. With the combination of molecular dynamics and machine learning, we anticipate the development of a diagnostic tool that could enhance the efficiency and accuracy of Alzheimer's disease diagnosis, improving our knowledge of this complex neurodegenerative disorder.
11:00 - Examining factors determining neurite outgrowth through computational modeling
First Author
Laurel Patterson
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Tae Yoon Kim
Purdue University
Co-author
Jeffery Coulter
Purdue University
Co-author
Donghyun Yim
Purdue University
The outgrowth of neurites, projections from the cell body of a neuron, plays a fundamental role in shaping the intricate neural circuits of the brain. Neurite outgrowth is driven by mechanical forces generated by interactions between proteins. Previous experimental studies have identified key factors involved in neurite outgrowth, including a microtubule motor protein called dynein. However, it remains elusive how each factor affects neurite outgrowth due to the intrinsic complexity of biological growth systems and the limitations of experiments. In our study, we employed a computational model consisting of minimal components to explore the mechanism of neurite outgrowth. The model successfully reproduces the neurite outgrowth process against resistant forces. By systematically altering various biophysical factors, we studied how neurite outgrowth is enhanced or suppressed. We observed that increases in the concentration, length, and rigidity of microtubules, cross-linking dissociation rate, motor density, and motor binding led to a faster outgrowth rate. Additionally, a decrease in the resistant force resulted in faster neurite outgrowth. In future studies, we will further investigate the impact of microtubule dynamics on neurite outgrowth.
11:15 - Omni Wheel: An innovative wheel design for improved walker safety and stability and bi-mode fall notification system
First Author
Annika Chadha
DuPont Manual
About 38 million falls are reported among older adults each year in the US alone with more than 50,000 fall injuries associated with walkers, leading to more than 30,000 hospitalizations. One of the key reasons for these falls is the level of difficulty encountered by walker users while maneuvering around, and particularly when turning. The standard Straight Wheel walker requires significant manipulation, and commonly needing to be picked up while turning, contributing to several falls.
I developed an Omni Wheel for walkers, which allows users to maneuver very smoothly and turn on their own center of rotation rather than drag the Straight Wheel walker about the axis. This wheel has a Bell and Cup design, 20 ball bearings, a 75mm diameter bouncy ball and a stem to connect to the walker. An original Arduino sensor was also designed with built-in IMU to collect accelerometer and gyroscope data.
The Omni Wheel was tested for 2 different motion types – straight-line and turning, on 4 different users and results compared against the Straight Wheel. The Omni Wheel data showed a significant improvement in smoothness and ease of movement over the Straight Wheel for every person for both motion types.
The Arduino sensor was attached to the walker to track any potential tilts or falls. The sensor data clearly identified every fall. There were 2 modes of notification of a walker fall – through an LED light that lit up and also an immediate text notification to a selected cell number of the caregiver.
I developed an Omni Wheel for walkers, which allows users to maneuver very smoothly and turn on their own center of rotation rather than drag the Straight Wheel walker about the axis. This wheel has a Bell and Cup design, 20 ball bearings, a 75mm diameter bouncy ball and a stem to connect to the walker. An original Arduino sensor was also designed with built-in IMU to collect accelerometer and gyroscope data.
The Omni Wheel was tested for 2 different motion types – straight-line and turning, on 4 different users and results compared against the Straight Wheel. The Omni Wheel data showed a significant improvement in smoothness and ease of movement over the Straight Wheel for every person for both motion types.
The Arduino sensor was attached to the walker to track any potential tilts or falls. The sensor data clearly identified every fall. There were 2 modes of notification of a walker fall – through an LED light that lit up and also an immediate text notification to a selected cell number of the caregiver.
11:30 - 4-D Printed Low-Cost Novel Shape Memory Polymer Compositions for Industrial, Robotic and Disaster Relief Applications
First Author
Vallabh Ramesh
duPont Manual high school
Co-author
Kunal Kate
University of Louisville
Shape Memory Polymers (SMP) are a special class of materials that have the ability to return from a deformed state to its original shape when induced by an external stimulus, such as temperature. Limited work has been done in this emerging field, and the technique involves printing a block copolymer composition using a 3-D printer, then activating the 4th dimension of shape change with applied heat. This work was inspired by nature (Mimosa Pudica plant) to design and develop polymeric structures that respond to stimuli. Various polyurethane blend compositions were evaluated and a low-cost novel elastomeric composition was successfully developed and processed using standard polymer extrusion techniques. Filaments of 1.75 mm diameter were prepared for use in a FDM printer. The SMP developed is elastic and has an impressive 600% elongation. Recovery analysis studies of stretched filament conducted at elevated temperature (80°C) showed around 95% shape recovery. These filaments can lift objects about 200% of their original weight, which makes these compositions useful in a variety of applications. CAD designs were used to develop complex shapes and structures. In the robotics field, 4-D printed physical sensors for mapping temperature were demonstrated as a novel signal generator and heat activated [4-D] robotic tendons can be fabricated as a low-cost alternative. In the industrial and automotive field this work demonstrated superior performance for impact absorption and shape recovery. 4-D printed rapidly deployable structures that recover via heat activation were created for military and disaster relief applications.
9:00 - Utilizing Virtual Reality Tools to Decrease Claustrophobic Reactions in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
First Author
Savannah Blair
Morehead State University
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans have taken over the imaging world, altering how patient care, diagnoses, and treatments are developed and carried out by allowing an internal look at the human body with noninvasive equipment and no radiation exposure. MRI is an essential study for most patients and to their treatment plans by detecting early onset pathologies and diagnoses and can be credited with revolutionizing the healthcare industry. However, MRI scanners and equipment can cause difficulties for patients during the procedure, producing anxiety reactions of claustrophobia, often resulting in premature terminations of MRI examinations. The closeness of the scanner, the use of overbearing radiofrequency coils, the length of procedure, and the acoustic noises administered during the MRI scans are just some of the aspects of the MRI scan and equipment that trouble some patients. These premature terminations could delay patient care, cause financial detriments to the hospital, leave lasting impressions with patients, and create loss of time for technologists. As this is a known problem since the initiation of MRI use, considerations for claustrophobia have been developed and utilized. Specifically, VR tools that prepared patients for MRI procedures created major differences and aided many patients with claustrophobic reactions while receiving scans. Allowing patients a virtual reality tool that simulates an MRI experience was directly correlated with more positive reactions during an MRI examination.
WITHDRAWN - Acrylamide Analysis Using Florescence Spectrometry
First Author
Caleb Becht
Asbury University
Co-author
Bruce Branan
Asbury University
The discovery of acrylamide (AA) as a potential human carcinogen is a relatively recent event. It first attracted attention in Sweden, after contaminated water was tied to sealant used during the construction of a railway tunnel. The compound is a byproduct of the Maillard reaction, the reaction responsible for the characteristic aroma and flavor of browned foods, and is formed when food is overcooked at excessive temperatures. This project will be addressing the effectiveness and ease of fluorescence spectrometry as a method of AA detection of AA after undergoing Hofmann reaction and derivatization using the fluorophore fluorescamine.
9:30 - Spectroscopy and the mode of action of perfluorohexyloctane for the treatment of dry eye
First Author
Douglas Borchman
University of Louisville
Perfluorohexyloctane (PFHO) is and eye drop for the treatment of dry eye disease. PFHO provides relief of dry eye signs and symptoms and has been shown to have potent anti-evaporative action, however, its precise mode(s) of action is still being elucidated. Emissivity, infrared, UV visible and NMR spectroscopies were used to investigate the interactions of PFHO with human tear lipids (TL) and to visualize the tear film lipid layer (TFLL) and PFHO on the surface of the eye. The major findings were: i) the optical absorbance of PFHO is superior to emulsion eye drops, ii) PFHO is a liquid and not a gel, iii) PFHO spread over the top of a layer of TL, iv) when mixed with PFHO, TL was miscible with PFHO, v) in vitro PFHO layers on the surface of buffer, and its expansion rate was not impacted by the tear protein mucin, vi) the rate of PFHO disappearance was consistent with its rate of evaporation, vii) PFHO emissivity was visible, forming a thicker PFHO/TFLL on the ocular surface for the 6-hour duration of testing, viii) the partial pressure of O2 in PFHO was 62.5% higher than that of tears. Spectroscopy was uniquely advantageous, adding support to the benefits of PFHO as a therapy for dry eye disease. PFHO quickly spreads on the surface of the TFLL, appears unaffected by the presence of mucin, and forms a long-lasting anti-evaporative barrier. Given its high oxygen-content, PFHO may deliver O2 to the cornea to facilitate surface healing.
9:45 - Characteristics of Neural Projections in the Pulvinar Nucleus
First Author
Haley King
Georgetown College
Co-author
Hunter Boone
University of Louisville
Co-author
Martha Bickford
University of Louisville
Co-author
Arkadiusz Slusarczyk
University of Louisville
The Pulvinar Nucleus is known for having strong connectivity with the Visual Cortex, and these interactions may be responsible for coordinating multisensory input integration. This experiment was performed to determine functional and anatomical characteristics of neural projections that originate from either the Pretectal Nucleus or the Primary Visual Cortex, and then determine whether convergence was observed at the Pulvinar Nucleus. The study focused on the thalamus of mice that selectively express CRE-recombinase. Using injections along with behavioral and functional experiments, we were able to determine interactions between these areas. We used confocal microscopy to see if Pitx2-CRE cells also express Parvalbumin (PV). Using electron microscopy, we measured the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic terminal sizes, allowing us to design future experiments to investigate the electrical properties of these dendrite terminals.
10:00 - Effect of partial replacement of fat with xanthan-locust bean gum mixtures on the texture of low fat sausage
First Author
Rachel Flinchum
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Ansh Chhabra
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Samantha Massey
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Evan Conge
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Sarah Maloney
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Luiz Silva
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
John Khouryieh
Western Kentucky University
The texture of ground meat products, such as sausage, relies significantly on their capacity to effectively bind fat and water while also retaining moisture during the cooking process. This research investigated the effect of partially replacing beef fat with different xanthan and locust bean (XLB) mixtures on the texture properties of low fat sausage. Sausages formulations were made with beef lean trimmings and consisted of high fat (HF; 20% of fat) and reduced fat (RF, 10% of fat) as control treatments and four other treatments that included RF with 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% XLB mixtures. The Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) for all treatments was determined in triplicates at days 1 and 28 using a TA.XT plus C Texture Analyzer. The data was analyzed by SAS using PROC MIXED following a block design and with day as a repeated measurement. The hardness of sausages was linearly decreased (P = 0.02) with the addition of XLB. The sausage cohesiveness was not affected by fat reduction (P = 0.11) or XLB inclusion (P = 0.12). Sausage springiness decreased by fat reduction (P = 0.03), but it was not affected by XLB inclusion (P = 0.44). The inclusion of XLB linearly decreased gumminess (P=0.01) and chewiness (P=0.01). In conclusion the addition of XLB mixture as a fat substitute in sausages improved texture profile analysis and could be used in developing healthier sausages with reduced fat content.
10:30 - Ultrasound Elastography: A Literature Review
First Author
Jennifer Clark
MSU
Ultrasound Elastography measures the stiffness of an organ by producing sound waves. The most common organ involved with elastography is the liver. If the liver is found to be stiff, a patient may have cirrhosis or fibrosis. Elastography is a safe, painless alternative that can be performed instead of a biopsy in many cases. Biopsy risks such as hematomas, pseudoaneurysms, blood clots, etc. can be prevented with elastography. This technique is continually evolving to benefit patient needs. Peer-reviewed articles published within the last seven years were included in this review. Emerging innovations include fat percentage of the liver to detect hepatic steatosis, determining cervical softening for pre-term labor, identifying malignancy of breast masses, and more. Incorporating elastography into preventative medicine may be a useful parameter to prevent end-stage liver cirrhosis.
10:45 - Potential therapeutic use of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves extract to combat inflammation
First Author
Arjun Sharma
DuPont Manual High School
Co-author
Silvia Uriarte
University of Louisville
Co-author
Aruna Vashishta
University of Louisville
Inflammation is an outcome of our body's process to combat infection, allergies, or injury. The best solutions available on the market (non-steroidal and steroids) have damaging side effects and are not safe for long-term use. The goal of this project was to find a natural anti-inflammatory product, specifically targeting the most populous leukocytes: neutrophils and macrophages. I hypothesized the medicinal plant extract would attenuate the response of activated neutrophils and macrophages, thus helping in the resolution of inflammation. To test my hypothesis, I prepared an Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract using 80% methanol for extraction before dissolving in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). First, the extract was tested on neutrophils and macrophages to check toxicity and the extract showed no toxicity on either cell type. The extract was further tested on neutrophils for intracellular reactive oxygen species production (ROS) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) assays upon stimulation with Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA, a potent neutrophil activator). The results showed significant reduction in intracellular ROS production and minimal NETs formation in neutrophils. Afterward, the extract was tested on macrophages for the production of cytokines in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine production was assessed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was observed in macrophages with the presence of the neem extract compared to LPS-treated. Thus, this project concludes that neem leaves quieten the activated neutrophils' and macrophages' responses, showing their therapeutic potential to be the first highly effective, natural replacement for synthetic anti-inflammatory medications.
WITHDRAWN - Interaction of Muscarinic-Nicotinic-NMDA Receptors in Learning and Memory
First Author
Christopher Mock
Morehead State University
Co-author
Nicholas Finch
Moreheadstate University
Co-author
Savannah Merriman
Moreheadstate University
Co-author
Ilsun White
Moreheadstate University
Co-author
Wesley White
Moreheadstate University
Previously we reported that a moderate dose of NMDA antagonist reversed scopolamine-induced impairment in a learning task, indicating that glutamate-cholinergic interaction may mediate successful learning and memory. This study examined the interaction between two cholinergic receptors, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and further examined cholinergic-glutamatergic interactions in a learning task. Scopolamine, a direct antagonist of muscarinic receptors, impairs memory and is commonly used in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Nicotine is a direct agonist of nicotinic receptors, enhances attention and arousal. Male Wistar rats were trained on a fixed ratio 20, which required 20 lever-presses for a food-pellet reward. Upon reaching a behavioral criterion of 60 rewards for 2 consecutive sessions, the drug phase began. Response latency and task completion were measured under different treatment conditions. All drugs were administered intraperitoneally 2-3 minutes prior by increasing response latency and decreasing responses that earned rewards. Nicotine partially reversed scopolamine-induced deficits, whereas nicotine-alone did not affect performance, suggesting that successful learning and memory require activation of both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Consistent with previous findings, MK801, a direct NMDA antagonist, partially reversed scopolamine-induced deficits, whereas MK801 alone did not affect performance. Present findings suggest that scopolamine-induced memory deficits are mediated via multiple receptors, including muscarinic, nicotinic, and NMDA receptors, and that reversal by nicotine and NMDA antagonist is likely by decreasing NMDA receptor function. A further examination of the site of cholinergic-glutamatergic interactions in memory function is warranted.
11:15 - Measurement of the Linear and Mass Attenuation Coefficient of Medical Gels #3 and #4 by Humimic Medical
First Author
Katlin Stumbo
Morehead State University
Co-author
Tara Johnson
Morehead State University
Co-author
Ignacio Birriel
Morehead State University
Humimic Medical offers six different grades of medical gel. Gelatin #3, density of 856.8 kg/m3 and a Young's Modulus of 1.9 x 105 Pa, is commonly used to simulate uterus tissue. Gelatin #4, density of 934.6 kg/m3 and a Young's Modulus of 1.5 x 105 Pa, is commonly used to simulate breast and intestinal tissue. In this study, we exposed both gels to gamma rays, ranging from 0.09 MeV to 1.33 MeV using common radioactive sources found in nuclear physics labs and calculating their mass and linear attenuation coefficients. Sources used for this experiment were Cadmium-109, Cesium-137, Cobalt-57 and Cobalt-60. We will discuss our data collection method using a ST-360 Radiation Counter with a GM-35 probe and compare our calculated coefficient values with water and soft tissue samples from the National Institute of Standards and Technology database.
11:30 - The Reduction of the Intensity of Gamma-Rays as They Traverse Through Humimic's Medical Gel #2
First Author
Casey Hovis
Craft Academy
Co-author
Ignacio Birriel
Morehead State University
Humimic Medical offers six different grades of medical gels. Gelatin #2, with a density of 967.5 kg/m3 and a Young's Modulus of 2.6 x 105 Pa, is commonly used to simulate skin tissue. In this study, we exposed the gel to gamma rays, ranging from 0.09 MeV to 1.33 MeV, using common radioactive sources found in nuclear physics labs and calculated its mass and linear attenuation coefficients. Sources used for this experiment were Cadmium-109, Cesium-137, Cobalt-57 and Cobalt-60. We will discuss our data collection method using an ST-360 Radiation Counter with a GM-35 probe and compare our calculated coefficient values with water and soft tissue samples from the National Institute of Standards and Technology database.
CIS 1 - Exploring Digital Distraction Among High School Students
First Author
Youngwoo Kim
Model Laboratory School
The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted many school districts to transition to online instruction, leading to the provision of one-to-one technology devices for K-12 students, thereby accelerating students' device use in K-12 classrooms. While technology is widely acknowledged as a valuable learning tool, extensive research indicates that students are often distracted by its presence in classrooms. This phenomenon is referred to as 'digital distraction', which occurs when a student's attention is diverted by the use of a technological device, resulting in a disruption of their focus and concentration on the primary learning activity. Given the increasing number of students owning technology devices, digital distractions could potentially have detrimental effects on children and teenagers. Thus, this study aims to investigate the phenomenon of digital distraction via smartphones among high school students. The researcher collected daily screen time during school hours from randomly selected teenagers (9th through 12th grade students), utilizing the screen time features of iPhones. The following data were collected: (a) the total duration of screen time, (b) the frequency of digital distractions, and (c) the types of activities that caused distraction. The study will include descriptive analysis and visual graphs to present the findings.
CIS 2 - iEquity: An Augmented Reality Theatre Production
First Author
Amy Pan
Other
Co-author
Kristina Arnold
Western Kentucky University
Augmented reality is commonly seen being used in game development and design, typically seen through a mobile device such as a phone. However, it has rarely been tested and pushed to its limits in other settings. The main focus of this project was trying to deploy augmented reality in settings that are seen as more traditional. This will be done by taking a play, pre-written and performed by a professor at Western Kentucky University, and building an augmented reality set for the play in the background. The main software that will be used is Unity and Blender. Unity will be used to help deploy the set to augmented reality during the beginning stages, and then instead of using the app feature provided on Unity, the focus will turn to Web AR. This is so that it is easier to be deployed and seen by the audience. The image tracking tools in Unity and an image maker will be used so that the set can be detected and the performer can perform within the set. Blender, which is a 3D modeling tool, is used to build the elements of the set. This research presents a way to pair augmented reality elements into a traditional theater space.
CIS 3 - Impact of RGB Color Values on Astronomical Object Count in Astrophotography: Analyzing Threshold Determination
First Author
Savannah McCoy
Berea College
In this study, we presented three custom-written Python-based algorithms for counting objects in astro-photographs using different libraries, such as NumPy and Matplotlib, for image processing and visualization. The algorithms identify objects based on criteria such as relative brightness, noise, and light curve, and each algorithm has its own advantages and disadvantages. To compare the performance of the algorithms, we analyzed ten images with varying numbers of objects and mean values. We calculated the means for the red, green, blue, and grayscale color values of each image and multiplied them by 0.75µ, 1.00µ, 1.25µ, and 1.5µ to obtain different thresholds for the refined algorithm. Using our algorithms, we obtained the object count for each image and each threshold and compared them. We selected three representative images for further analysis and discussion. We used graphs and tables to illustrate our findings. Our algorithms provide a reliable method for counting objects in astro-photographs with high accuracy. The results of our study can be used to improve the accuracy of object counting in astro-photographs. The study also highlights the importance of using multiple algorithms to count objects in astro-photographs to ensure high accuracy.
CIS 4 - Studying Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee, and Indiana and Finding Ways to Reduce Them
First Author
Anthony Osterman
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Buddhi Gyawali
Kentucky State University
This study investigates greenhouse gas emissions in Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee, and Indiana and the efforts taken to reduce them. The objective of this research was to find actions for reducing emissions that large industries have taken in the past. All four states were studied with data related to greenhouse gas emissions. Efforts to reduce emissions were also examined to show the actions other states and areas can replicate. The results have shown some connections between the emissions of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and power plants. CO2 and power plants are the largest causes of emissions compared to other fields and have shown a rise in the 2000s but a slow decline in recent years. The efforts made by Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee, and Indiana to reduce emissions include renewable energy, energy efficiency, and awareness. Greenhouse gas emissions are a huge factor in climate change that also affects ecosystems through rising temperatures. This research is important to inform organizations, companies, government facilities, and the public about the impact of emissions and how they can contribute to reducing emissions.
ECO 1 - Analyzing Channel Catfish, Common Carp, and Freshwater Drum as Biocontrols for Zebra Mussels in the Ohio River
First Author
Daniella Martinez
Thomas More University
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are an invasive mussel species that have established populations in various waterways in North America including the Ohio River. We hypothesized that common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) are preying on zebra mussels in the Ohio River due to their pharyngeal teeth adapted for crushing mollusk shells. We also targeted channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) because they have previously been documented to consume zebra mussels in the Ohio River. This study uses gut content analysis to examine and identify freshwater drum, channel catfish, and common carp as biocontrols for zebra mussels. Of the fish sampled, three out of ten channel catfish, one out of seven freshwater drum, and three out of four carp contained zebra mussels. It is confirmed that all three fish species are predators of zebra mussels in the Ohio River, but inconclusive that predation alone can reduce densities.
ECO 2 - Attitudes of South-Central Kentucky Residents Towards Coyotes and their Management
First Author
Andrew McQueen
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Stephen Sumithran
Eastern Kentucky University
The existence of the coyote in the eastern U.S. is a recent development and the public's perception of coyotes has been widely studied in urban areas. However, perceptions in rural areas, especially rural Appalachia, have been largely unstudied. It is necessary for wildlife managers to understand the public's perceptions of coyotes and coyote management when creating management plans. We conducted a public survey in South-central Kentucky to determine perceptions toward coyotes and coyote management methods. The survey contained questions about demographics (age, gender, county of residence, landownership, etc.), perceptions (fears, opinions), knowledge (true/false questions), and preferred managements practices (hunting, trapping, lethal vs. nonlethal). We had a total of 115 respondents participate in the survey until date. Amongst other findings, we found that 28.2% of respondents somewhat wish or strongly wish that Kentucky did not have a population of coyotes. 63.5% of respondents believed that coyotes posed a significant threat to pets, and 24.7% of respondents believe that coyotes pose a significant threat to them or their family. We also found that 82.4% of respondents supported the hunting and killing of coyotes by licensed hunters and landowners, but only 22.4% of respondents supported the trapping and killing of coyotes by licensed trappers and landowners.
ECO 4 - Concentration of Sugars in Three Varieties of Watermelon Grown in Kentucky
First Author
Jinniah Ali
Kentucky State University
Co-author
George Antonious
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Eric Turley
Kentucky State University
Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus L., a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is a favorite summertime treat. It is both marketed directly and via wholesale with production scattered throughout the state of Kentucky. Watermelon varietal selection continues to be a primary
consideration for farmers so they can make decisions to suit their needs in yield, disease resistance, and buyers' needs for fruit quality and appearance. A field experiment was established at University of Kentucky Research Farm to cultivate watermelon under seven soil management practices (chicken manure, sewage sludge, cow manure, biochar, vermicompost, chitin, and control treatment) and investigate the impact of soil management practices on the sugar content of three varieties of watermelon fruits (Black Diamond, Dark Belle, and Mama's Girl). At harvest, samples of watermelon fruit tissues were collected and homogenized with 80% ethanol to extract soluble sugars. Homogenates were filtered and one mL sample was determined colorimetrically using a pure glucose standard curve. Results indicated that none of the soil amendments impacted the concentration of sugars in watermelons. However, the variety Mama's Girl was superior in increasing the concentration of sugar (560 mg 100 g-1) compared to Dark Belle and Black Diamond varieties (321 and 315 mg 100 g-1, respectively). Other chemical analysis of watermelon fruits is currently under investigation.
consideration for farmers so they can make decisions to suit their needs in yield, disease resistance, and buyers' needs for fruit quality and appearance. A field experiment was established at University of Kentucky Research Farm to cultivate watermelon under seven soil management practices (chicken manure, sewage sludge, cow manure, biochar, vermicompost, chitin, and control treatment) and investigate the impact of soil management practices on the sugar content of three varieties of watermelon fruits (Black Diamond, Dark Belle, and Mama's Girl). At harvest, samples of watermelon fruit tissues were collected and homogenized with 80% ethanol to extract soluble sugars. Homogenates were filtered and one mL sample was determined colorimetrically using a pure glucose standard curve. Results indicated that none of the soil amendments impacted the concentration of sugars in watermelons. However, the variety Mama's Girl was superior in increasing the concentration of sugar (560 mg 100 g-1) compared to Dark Belle and Black Diamond varieties (321 and 315 mg 100 g-1, respectively). Other chemical analysis of watermelon fruits is currently under investigation.
ECO 3 - Characteristics of Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Nest Trees in South-central Kentucky
First Author
Caylon King
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Stephen Sumithran
Eastern Kentucky University
Little is known about Gray Squirrel nest tree characteristics in south central Kentucky's oak-hickory forest. In this study we located 28 nest trees and for every nest tree a random tree was also located at a random distance and direction. We found three habitat variables to be significantly different between nest tress and random trees: Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) of tree, distance to nearest mast producing tree, and number of canopy linkages. The mean DBH between nest trees (50.13cm) and random trees (36.84cm, p<0.0100) was significantly different. The distance to the nearest mast producing tree from nest trees (3.20m) and random trees (4.43m, p<0.0169) was significantly different. The number of canopy linkages between nest trees (6.54) and random trees (3.04, p<0.0001) was also significantly different. These results show that squirrels in south-central Kentucky prefer to nest in trees with a DBH of >50cm, distance to the nearest mast producing tree no greater than 3.20m and having at least 6 canopy linkages.
ECO 5 - Development of environmental DNA (eDNA) qPCR assays for the detection of darter species: Significance of phylogeography
First Author
Hope Brown
Asbury University
Co-author
Abigail Fletcher
Asbury University
Co-author
Sara Brewer
Asbury University
Co-author
Joanne Jung
Asbury University
Co-author
Mary Johnson
Asbury University
Co-author
Cierla McGuire
Asbury University
Co-author
Malinda Stull
Asbury University
Co-author
Ben Brammell
Asbury University
The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) in organism detection has rapidly become a firmly established method that promises to greatly increase the ease, efficacy, and scope of ecological studies. We developed species-specific primers for use in qPCR eDNA detection of four darter species found in central KY streams: the Rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum), Fantail darter (Etheostoma flabellare), Greenside darter (Etheostoma blennioides), and Logperch (Percina caprodes). Primers and probes were designed based on sequences obtained from Kentucky River drainage specimens and screened for specificity (in silico and in vitro) against sympatric or potentially sympatric darter species in the Kentucky River drainage. Additionally, each species was tested in silico and in vitro with eight darter species from the Cumberland River drainage, including the four target species. In most cases, assays demonstrated efficacy between drainages. However, in the case of E. blennioides the assay designed based on Kentucky River specimens was ineffective in detecting specimens from the Cumberland River drainage. Sequencing of the target regions for each darter species from the two drainages confirmed assay results; the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in E. blennioides mitochondrial DNA prevented assay binding to target DNA in the Cumberland drainage. These data provide novel insight into the significance of phylogeography on the efficacy of eDNA assays and offer a cautionary lesson regarding the extent to which eDNA assays may be effective across the range of an organism.
ECO 6 - eDNA detection of four-toed salamanders (Hemidactylium scutatum): Mitochondrial evolution rates in assay development
First Author
Sara Brewer
Asbury University
Co-author
Cy Mott
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Rebecca Piche
Asbury University
Co-author
Florene Bell
Asbury University
Co-author
Elizabeth Strasko
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Jarrett Johnson
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Kenton Sena
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Thomas Maigret
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Ben Brammell
Asbury University
Environmental DNA (eDNA) is an emerging tool that promises to increase the ease, efficacy, and scope of ecological studies. Recent works have highlighted the need for assays for species-specific marker studies, and the value of thoroughly vetting eDNA primers using as many local sequences as available. We developed a species-specific assay (primers and probe) for use in qPCR eDNA detection of Hemidactylium scutatum and tested these primers in silico (21 species) and in vitro (7 species) against sympatric species to ensure specificity. We field tested our assay at 15 sites in Kentucky and detected H. scutatum DNA at 10/15 sites in a manner mostly consistent with field observations. Additionally, we collected H. scutatum tissue from specimens from four KY locations and obtained DNA from a New York H. scutatum specimen; our assay was successful in amplifying H. scutatum DNA from each collection locality. A previously published H. scutatum eDNA assay was used to detect specimens from NY but failed to detect specimens from KY; this assay targets the intergenic spacer region (IGS), while our assay targets cytochrome b (cytb). We completed sequencing of the cytb and the IGS region from both a KY and NY H. scutatum specimen and confirmed conservation of cytb but significant sequence differences within the IGS region of the two specimens. These results are consistent with our understanding of mitochondrial evolution and highlight the importance of locus selection in assay development.
ECO 7 - eDNA monitoring of a rare salamander: The use of eDNA in detection of Eurycea junaluska in the Great Smoky Mountains Nat
First Author
Ben Brammell
Asbury University
Co-author
Sara Brewer
Asbury University
Co-author
Elizabeth Strasko
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Jarrett Johnson
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Madeline Cox
Asbury University
Eurycea junaluska is a small, semiaquatic plethodontid salamander with a very restricted range, much of which is encompassed within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP). E. junaluska was first described in 1976 and was initially only known from three creeks in Graham County, North Carolina. A combination of reexamination of previously collected specimens and new field work expanded the known range of E. junaluska to additional locations on both the TN and NC sides of the GSMNP as well as to adjacent Polk County, TN. Currently, E. junaluska is known to exist in a total of five counties, all within TN and NC. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is an emerging tool that promises to greatly increase the ease, efficacy, and scope of ecological studies; the objectives of this study were to A) develop and validate a species-specific assay which detects E. junaluska and B) utilize this assay to reassess the distribution of E. junaluska within GSMNP boundaries. We obtained E. junaluska DNA (Swain Co., NC) and amplified and sequenced a 650 BP segment of cytochrome b (cytb). We aligned this sequence with the only E. junaluska cytb sequence published in public databases and designed an assay (primers and probe) utilizing conserved regions of these two sequences (95% similar). This assay was tested with sympatric species in silico (22 species) and in vitro (7 species) to confirm specificity. Fifty water samples were collected in July 2023 throughout the GSMNP; samples were collected in every major drainage, on both the TN and NC sides, and spaced as evenly as possible throughout the park. Samples were filtered in the field using sterile disposable filter funnels and extracted in the lab. qPCR analysis is currently in progress. These data should expand our understanding of exactly how rare E. Junaluska is and facilitate conservation efforts.
ECO 8 - Effect of web inclination on debris-induced damage in Leucauge venusta webs
First Author
Sarah Fortner
University of Louisville
Co-author
A. Nienaber
University of Louisville
Co-author
S.P. Yanoviak
University of Louisville
The structure of the webs of orb-weaving spiders varies according to prey capture efficiency and habitat. Webs constructed in the forest understory frequently are damaged by debris fall, requiring potentially costly repairs or reconstruction. Here, we explored how the amount of damage sustained by Leucauge venusta webs from falling debris is affected by the angle of the web relative to horizontal. We simulated debris fall by dropping a wooden dowel on webs placed at 30-, 45-, and 0-degree angles relative to horizontal, and measured the area of damage sustained in each case. We also measured the area of damage and web inclination of L. venusta webs in situ. We found no significant relationship between the average area of damage and angle of inclination of webs in situ. However, lab experiments showed that webs at 0 degrees (i.e., parallel to horizontal) sustained an average area of damage of 60.9 cm2, which was significantly less than webs positioned at 30 or 45 degrees relative to horizontal which sustained average areas of damage of 102.0 cm2 and 102.5 cm2, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the tendency for L. venusta to construct horizontal webs is partly a mechanism to minimize incidental damage. Ultimately, the results suggest that L. venusta (and perhaps other orb-weaving species) must balance frequent web damage against prey capture efficiency, which remains to be explored.
ECO 9 - Evaluating Discrepancies Between Theoretical Habitat Suitability and Geographic Range Distributions of Short's Solidago
First Author
Winston Zhuang
Paul Laurence Dunbar High School
Title: Evaluating Discrepancies Between Theoretical Habitat Suitability and Actual Geographic Range Distributions of Endangered Plant Species: A Case Study of Short's Solidago
According to the findings from the article "Ecology of the Endangered Species Solidago shortii V. Plant Associates" by David E. Buchele, Jerry M. Baskin, and Carol C. Baskin, Short's goldenrod (Solidago shortii) is federally endangered and exclusively found in the calcareous Eden Shale Belt in Northern Kentucky, spanning just 13 distinct population sites. This geographic limitation shows the need for conservation efforts to ensure its survival. The purpose of this research is to discover the environmental conditions crucial for Solidago shortii's existence, including factors like temperature, humidity, rainfall, and soil acidity. Our goal is to compare these theoretical requirements with the actual habitats supporting Solidago shortii in Kentucky, aiming to identify any disparities and their underlying causes. Our approach begins with an extensive literature review of existing data on Solidago shortii's ecological needs from sources such as the US Fish and Wildlife Service followed by the creation of mathematical models and graphs. Subsequently, fieldwork will be conducted to pinpoint suitable environments on the Kentucky map and determine whether Solidago shortii populations indeed inhabit these areas. This research carries practical implications for conservation, offering strategies for Solidago shortii's recovery and removal from the federal endangered species list, contributing to its preservation.
According to the findings from the article "Ecology of the Endangered Species Solidago shortii V. Plant Associates" by David E. Buchele, Jerry M. Baskin, and Carol C. Baskin, Short's goldenrod (Solidago shortii) is federally endangered and exclusively found in the calcareous Eden Shale Belt in Northern Kentucky, spanning just 13 distinct population sites. This geographic limitation shows the need for conservation efforts to ensure its survival. The purpose of this research is to discover the environmental conditions crucial for Solidago shortii's existence, including factors like temperature, humidity, rainfall, and soil acidity. Our goal is to compare these theoretical requirements with the actual habitats supporting Solidago shortii in Kentucky, aiming to identify any disparities and their underlying causes. Our approach begins with an extensive literature review of existing data on Solidago shortii's ecological needs from sources such as the US Fish and Wildlife Service followed by the creation of mathematical models and graphs. Subsequently, fieldwork will be conducted to pinpoint suitable environments on the Kentucky map and determine whether Solidago shortii populations indeed inhabit these areas. This research carries practical implications for conservation, offering strategies for Solidago shortii's recovery and removal from the federal endangered species list, contributing to its preservation.
ECO 10 - How does breeding phenology of wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) respond to climate change?
First Author
Bianca Turner
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Allison Turner
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Yingying Xie
Northern Kentucky University
Declined populations of amphibians, who are most sensitive to environmental disturbances, indicate significant impacts from human activities. However, we still know little about their responses to climate change across species range, hindering conservation efforts across populations. This study tested the hypothesis that the timing of amphibian breeding season (i.e., phenology) in early spring is significantly affected by temperature, and this response varies across species range. We investigated the impact of climate change on the breeding phenology of wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus (DeConte)) across its geographic range. Audio records and images from iNaturalist and natural history collections were used to determine the life stages of wood frog in North America. Phenological sensitivities to climate from different life stages were estimated using statistical models across ecoregions. We found that L. sylvaticus advanced breeding phenology corresponding to warming in winter and spring, and their responses significantly varied across ecoregions. Specifically, calling and egg mass life stages occurred earlier in warmer winter, while more precipitation in winter slightly delayed wood frog calling and egg mass occurrence. Overall, warmer and wetter winters are associated with earlier wood frog calling and egg mass occurrence with variations across populations. This project demonstrates the variation in amphibian phenological responses to climate and suggests that population-dependent conservation efforts with unique strategies should be considered.
ECO 11 - Impact of Invasive Plant Removal on Amphibian Morphology and Phenology
First Author
Alexandra Walsh
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Jensyn Scott
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Richard Durtsche
Northern Kentucky University
Invasive plants have been known to significantly impact ecosystems, from outcompeting native organisms to changing soil and water chemistry. When it comes to organisms impacted by invasives, amphibians are particularly vulnerable. As amphibians breathe through their skin, they are especially sensitive to changes in their environment. St. Anne Woods and Wetlands is a project site located in Melbourne, KY that is split into two regions. In one region, woody invasives such as Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), and Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), have been removed; while in the other region, these invasives remain present. Biodiversity assessments have been conducted in both regions at various sites, collecting both morphological data and sound recording to determine amphibian breeding phenology. Through the mass, snout-vent length, and calls in the sound recordings; the morphology and phenology of amphibians is analyzed. This study seeks to determine how the removal of invasive plants may impact the morphology and phenology of amphibians.
ECO 12 - Measuring temporal variation in ephemeral pond amphibian communities using metabarcoding
First Author
Elizabeth Strasko
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Jarrett Johnson
Western Kentucky University
Metabarcoding utilizes environmental DNA (eDNA) shed by living organisms to screen for diagnostic DNA sequences and survey biodiversity. Metabarcoding allows for the simultaneous detection of many related species at once on the basis of sequence comparison using phylogenetic inference. Global amphibian populations are at risk of reduction or extinction, therefore efficient and accurate surveying methods are of great importance to informing conservation efforts. We have developed the tools required for amphibian metabarcoding in the southeast US and implemented a comparative study that examines the utility of metabarcoding in lieu of traditional visual encounter surveys and the ability of metabarcoding to measure temporal variation in the composition of pond-breeding amphibian assemblages. In visual encounter surveys of 8 sites over 5 sampling intervals, we found 14 species of amphibians, with the faunal assemblage across sites varying temporally. Pond water collected at each site was filtered for genetic material, yielding 33 eDNA samples for metabarcoding. Initial PCR tests on water samples revealed successful amplification of the target region. We developed 31 separate primers and tested these in various combinations to determine the most reliable assay for amphibian amplification. In silico analyses revealed that our assay will amplify all 381 sequences utilized in development, giving great confidence in this assay's ability to reliably amplify southeastern amphibians. Knowledge of time-specific visitation is useful to conservation initiatives focusing on reducing disturbance during prime breeding seasons across a multitude of species and locations.
ECO 13 - The Effects of Flooding on Wildlife in Xero-hydric Flatwood and Bottomland Hardwood Forests
First Author
Evan Barr
Murray State University
Co-author
Andrea Darracq
Murray State University
The Effects of Flooding on Wildlife in Xero-hydric Flatwood and Bottomland Hardwood Forests. EVAN BARR, Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071.
Increased disturbances associated with climate change have altered ecosystems and increased their sensitivity to disturbance. Quantifying changes in wildlife behaviors, community dynamics, and diversity during and after disturbance regimes can provide information to land managers and the public about the importance of these disturbances and the necessity for them in areas with a high diversity and abundance of disturbance obligate species. We placed cameras at 79 systematically random points within two systems on the Clark's River National Wildlife Refuge to evaluate the effects of disturbance on mammalian and avian occupancy, abundance, and diversity in areas with diverse flooding regimes. We plan to compare data on a year-to-year basis to monitor and observe any correlations present with flooding events. Due to the logistical issues associated with camera trapping in regularly flooded areas, very little camera surveillance has taken place in mesic systems. We have collected a large amount of data that will both help us to better understand the distributions and movements of species within these unique ecosystems as well as inform land managers in making management decisions within these environments.
Increased disturbances associated with climate change have altered ecosystems and increased their sensitivity to disturbance. Quantifying changes in wildlife behaviors, community dynamics, and diversity during and after disturbance regimes can provide information to land managers and the public about the importance of these disturbances and the necessity for them in areas with a high diversity and abundance of disturbance obligate species. We placed cameras at 79 systematically random points within two systems on the Clark's River National Wildlife Refuge to evaluate the effects of disturbance on mammalian and avian occupancy, abundance, and diversity in areas with diverse flooding regimes. We plan to compare data on a year-to-year basis to monitor and observe any correlations present with flooding events. Due to the logistical issues associated with camera trapping in regularly flooded areas, very little camera surveillance has taken place in mesic systems. We have collected a large amount of data that will both help us to better understand the distributions and movements of species within these unique ecosystems as well as inform land managers in making management decisions within these environments.
ECO 14 - The use of eDNA in detection of Northern Red and Spring Salamanders:
First Author
Sara Brewer
Asbury University
Co-author
Florene Bell
Asbury University
Co-author
Angie Flores
Asbury University
Co-author
Kenton Sena
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Thomas Maigret
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Chi Jing Leow
Asbury University
Co-author
Ben Brammell
Asbury University
Environmental DNA (eDNA) utilizes DNA which organisms release into the environment to detect their presence and provides an efficient, non-invasive method to determine organism presence/absence. We developed species-specific qPCR assays for two widely distributed species of semiaquatic North American salamanders: the northern red salamander (Pseudotriton ruber) and the spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus). Primers and probes were designed based on sequences obtained from locally collected specimens. Once designed, these were screened for specificity against potential sympatric salamander species in silico (against twenty-one species) and in vitro (against six species). Water samples were collected from field sites in Robinson Forest in eastern KY (Breathitt and Knott Counties) and analyzed for target species DNA. Numerous water quality endpoints were also quantified. G. porphyriticus DNA was detected in 14/36 samples, and P. ruber DNA was detected in 17/36 samples. Sequencing of environmentally produced amplicons (P. ruber - 4, G. porphyriticus - 2) confirmed species identity. Water samples in which salamanders were detected were higher in Ca, Mg, K, SO4, and conductivity relative to samples in which salamander DNA was not detected, contrary to the previously noted significance of conductivity as a predictor of surface mining impacts on salamanders but consistent with previous observations in these particular streams. This project provides thoroughly vetted tools that should prove useful for future monitoring and/or range delineation studies of these species.
ECO 15 - Tree Community Comparison between Boone Cliffs Nature Preserve and Middle Creek Park (Boone County, KY)
First Author
Shannon Galbraith-Kent
Thomas More University
Long-term studies of forests can help us better understand how changes in climate, land-use, and management affect plant communities and ecological diversity over time. Boone Cliffs Nature Preserve (BC) is an 75-acre old-growth forest studied by many researchers (e.g., Bryant 1978), while the secondary forest of nearby Middle Creek Park (MC) (230-acres), only 3 km away in linear distance, had not been previously studied. In this project, we compared the south-facing ridge tree community of both forests by using 0.04-ha circular plots and measuring DBH for overstory trees (> 4.0in DBH). Even though the two forests are only 3km away in linear distance, we found that the overstory tree community at the south-facing ridge at MC is not similar to the south-facing ridge at BC (0.60 Jaccard's Similarity, 43.3% Bray and Curtis Similarity), which is primarily due to a difference in land use history. At MC, the high importance value (relative value of density, frequency, basal area) values of Quercus spp. and Maclura pomifera, combined with a lower relative importance of Acer saccharum, indicate to us that MC is at an earlier successional stage than the more established, old-growth community at BC. In the following decades, there is potential for MC to become more similar to BC with early-mid successional species (e.g., M. pomifera) phasing out – and late successional and more shade-tolerant species (e.g., A. saccharum) increasing in importance. We hope this can serve as an example of dynamic trends in different eastern US forests with differing land use histories and how they affect the forest ecosystems.
ECO 16 - Tropical Corals Respond Differentially to Light Spectra
First Author
Lydia Goins
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Chloe Donithan
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Charles Acosta
Northern Kentucky University
Degradation of tropical coral reefs by 'bleaching' is expected to increase with global climate change. Rising temperature is known to initiate bleaching, but studies indicate that maladaptation to variation in light is the actual cause of coral mortality. In the Coral Propagation Laboratory at NKU, we have been studying responses to variation in light spectra, light intensity, and photoperiod in several species of corals. Our preliminary data and analyses suggest that maximum growth rates occur under short-wavelength spectra (blue-violet rather than red-yellow). Further work may give us insight into adaptations of different species at different ocean depths.
ENV 1 - Assessment of the Effects of Algal Blooms and Storms on Mangrove forests: Implications for carbon fluxes
First Author
Haluk Cetin
Murray State University
Co-author
Bassil El Masri
Murray State University
Co-author
Kate He
Murray State University
Co-author
Devin Richards
Murray State University
Co-author
Madalyn Hake
Murray State University
Co-author
Jenna Opp
Murray State University
The main goal of this study is to assess the effects of algal blooms and storms on Mangrove forests using multi‐temporal satellite remotely sensed data to examine effects of water quality on Mangrove forests. Storms also affect such forests and ecosystems. The relationships among storm events, algal blooms and the ecological function and services of Mangrove forests using imagery collected before and after such events were examined.
All three mangrove species (red, black, and white) occurrence records at the study sites in Florida were extracted 19 bioclimatic variables from the BIOCLIM dataset. To track future mangrove distribution, we also extracted future climate data based on climate models, the MIROC6 from the CMIP6 of the sixth assessment report the IPCC. We modeled mangrove species distribution with both climate envelop model and random forest algorithms. Both models were performed using past and future climate variables respectively.
We modified the Temperature-Greenness (TG) model to improve the accuracy and prediction of remote sensing-based gross primary production (GPP) for Mangrove forests. The modification included adding salinity and sea surface temperature scalars to the TG model. We validated the model GPP against an eddy covariance flux tower site data at the Everglades National Park using remotely sensed data. This study helps in assessing natural disturbance impacts on the mangrove forest GPP. Accurate estimation of mangrove forest carbon fluxes is timely and critical for accurate predictions of how terrestrial ecosystems will respond to climate change.
All three mangrove species (red, black, and white) occurrence records at the study sites in Florida were extracted 19 bioclimatic variables from the BIOCLIM dataset. To track future mangrove distribution, we also extracted future climate data based on climate models, the MIROC6 from the CMIP6 of the sixth assessment report the IPCC. We modeled mangrove species distribution with both climate envelop model and random forest algorithms. Both models were performed using past and future climate variables respectively.
We modified the Temperature-Greenness (TG) model to improve the accuracy and prediction of remote sensing-based gross primary production (GPP) for Mangrove forests. The modification included adding salinity and sea surface temperature scalars to the TG model. We validated the model GPP against an eddy covariance flux tower site data at the Everglades National Park using remotely sensed data. This study helps in assessing natural disturbance impacts on the mangrove forest GPP. Accurate estimation of mangrove forest carbon fluxes is timely and critical for accurate predictions of how terrestrial ecosystems will respond to climate change.
ENV 6 - Attitudes and Behaviors of the Eastern Kentucky University Community Towards Environmental Sustainability and Concerns
First Author
Connor Hess
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Stephen Sumithran
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Rachelanne Knoll
EKU
This study investigated the attitude-behavior split on environmental concerns among college students, staff, and faculty on Eastern Kentucky University's (EKU) Richmond campus. The study was conducted in the Fall semester of 2022. A questionnaire consisting of 28 questions was administered using an online Google forms survey. The survey received EKU's Institutional Review Board's Protocol Approval #4560. A total of 732 individuals from EKU participated in the survey. A majority of the respondents were undergraduate students (91%), followed by staff (3.8%), faculty (2.6%), and graduate students (2.2%). When asked, "Used a reusable water bottle, coffee cup, travel mug, etc. instead of single-use plastic options," a majority (71%) agreed with the statement, while (2%) strongly disagreed with the statement. When asked about their use of sustainable options in transport, such as Big E Transit Bus, bicycling, walking, carpooling, and other public transportation services, (59%) of the respondents agreed with the statement, while (22%) disagreed. During their time at EKU as a student, (21%) had taken at least one course related to sustainability and the environment. Also, when asked about their level of agreement with the statement "There are many serious environmental problems that exist in today's world," an overwhelming (90%, p<0.0001) agreed with the statement.
ENV 4 - Comparative Analysis of Weather Tolerance Across Various Feverfew Cultivars
First Author
Jalynn Greer
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Theoneste Nzaramyima
Kentucky State University
Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), a member of the Asteraceae family, has a long history of traditional use for various health purposes, confronting specific health conditions, including anxiety and depression management, migraine relief, and alleviating arthritis and inflammation. This study aims to investigate the potential impact of various feverfew cultivars, considering their distinct characteristics, on their medicinal properties while assessing their resilience to varying weather conditions. If certain feverfew cultivars prove to be found to survive the weather elements, it could open doors for further research to understand their mechanisms. This investigation exhibits a spectrum of cultivars, each adapting to distinct weather patterns. Feverfew cultivars will be cultivated and assessed at Kentucky State University Demonstration Farm. Following cultivation, each cultivar will undergo harvesting and chemical composition analysis. The primary objective of this study is to examine the responsiveness of different feverfew cultivars respond to fluctuating temperatures and whether they maintain their medicinal properties.
ENV 9 - Effect of soil amendments on infiltration water volume collected from a potato field
First Author
Basanta Neupane
Kentucky State University
Co-author
George Antonious
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Eric Turley
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Anjan Nepal
Kentucky State University
Soil erosion, nutrient runoff, loss of soil organic matter, and the impairment of environmental quality from sedimentation and pollution of natural waters by agrochemicals, heavy metals, and other environmental contaminants have stimulated interest in proper management of natural resources to reduce runoff from agricultural fields. Contaminants in runoff and seepage water cause surface water pollution by running off into nearby natural water resources. Accordingly, technological and infrastructural solutions are needed to reduce runoff water contaminant releases. At Kentucky State University Research Farm, 18 field plots were planted with potato, Solanum tuberosum and designed to collect and measure infiltration water volume following rainfall and irrigation events. Six soil management practices (chicken manure, cow manure, vermicompost, sewage sludge, biochar, and no-mulch control plots) were investigated. The result revealed that soil amended with sewage sludge significantly increased infiltration water volume from 0.80 L plot -1 in the control treatment to 3.34 Lplot-1 by 316%. We recommend the use of sewage sludge amended soil in cultivation practices that maximize infiltration water towards the plant root and reduce runoff water volume down the field slope.
Key words: Soil Amendments, Soil erosion, Infiltration and Environmental contaminants.
Key words: Soil Amendments, Soil erosion, Infiltration and Environmental contaminants.
ENV 3 - Enhancement of a commercial diet formulation to promote honeybee health
First Author
Santosh Ghimire
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Farida Olden
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Joseph Palmer
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Kenneth Holbrook
Kentucky State University
The honeybee, a pillar of the economy for providing pollination services and producing honey, is confronting multiple environmental challenges including pathogens, chemical toxicity, and malnutrition. In previous research trials (Olden & Palmer, ESA 2022), we have found that the commercial diet Megabee, when prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions, underperforms the natural diet pollen in many indicators of bee heath. The results showed that this is due mainly to a reduced consumption of Megabee compared to pollen. In this study, we are setting pretrials to test different preparation protocols of Megabee patties to identify a MegaBee tweaked formulation that increases consumption. The identified formulation will be then tested alongside with pollen, MegaBee conventional preparation, as well as the poor diet sugar-only for health indicators including expression of marker genes (i.e., vitellogenin), total protein consumption, body weight, hypopharyngeal gland size, and survival.
ENV 11 - Forest Ephemeral Restoration: Importance of Environmental Variables
First Author
Zachary Shreves
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Kristen McDaniel
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Zoe Robles
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Kristine Hopfensperger
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Denice Robertson
Northern Kentucky University
Ephemerals are perennial plants that emerge and flourish in the spring and then lie dormant for the remainder of the year. They are an important source of pollen and nectar for pollinators at the beginning of the growing season. As part of an ephemeral restoration project, we measured environmental variables, soil moisture, depth of O-horizon, and canopy cover, across 30 patches where invasive honeysuckle had been removed. We then measured the height of five spring ephemeral species in the same patches. Initial results demonstrate considerable variation within environmental data among the 30 study patches. We anticipate a similar variation in height among the patches and correlations between height and the environmental variables. Results from this initial site study will inform our future hypothesis testing centered on variability in restoration success when planting different life forms of spring ephemerals. Our work will better inform land managers to incorporate spring ephemerals into healthy landscapes for all pollinators.
ENV 12 - Pollinator types identified on flowering and non-flowering branches of the Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) two cultivars
First Author
Subas Thapa Magar
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Jeremiah D. Lowe
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Sheri B. Crabtree
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Kirk W. Pomper
Kentucky State University
Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a temperate deciduous tree fruit species that is native to North America and is in the early stages of commercial production. Pawpaw trees bloom from mid-April until May on the same tree and flowers are maroon in color. The pollination biology and pollinator requirements of pawpaw are poorly understood. Pollinators could include flies, beetles, ants, and moths; however, their role and abundance in pollination is unclear. This study aims to determine the types and abundance of insects visiting flowering and non-flowering limbs of two pawpaw cultivars: 'Sunflower' and 'Susquehanna.' To examine pollinator types, 10 trees of each pawpaw cultivar were selected, and 40 wire cage traps with tangle trap adhesive were set on both flowering and non-flowering limbs of each selected cultivar in a completely randomized design. After two weeks of flowering, traps were collected, and insects were identified to order and counted. The number of insects and orders were compared between flowering and non-flowering limbs in the two cultivars. An average of 1,127 insects were found on traps of flowering branches and 916 insects on non-flowering branches. Five insect orders were found and identified on traps of both flowering and non-flowering limbs.
ENV 2 - Preliminary research on various energy flux datasets during a rain-on-snow event
First Author
Samuel Davidson
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Zachary Suriano
Western Kentucky University
A rain-on-snow event occurs when rain falls on existing snowpack. Such an event may lead to snowmelt, flooding, landslides, and other natural hazards. Current forecasting abilities struggle with the outcomes of rain-on-snow events which demonstrates the necessity for further research on these events. The purpose of the following research is to evaluate the effectiveness of different energy flux datasets in accurately portraying rain-on-snow events. Analysis will be performed on past case study rain-on-snow events and energy fluxes during the event. The research will provide an understanding of biases within each dataset. The following energy flux datasets include the North American Regional Reanalysis, fifth generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis, and FLUXCOM. One case study evaluates the January 24-26, 2010 rain-on-snow event in the Susquehanna River Basin.
ENV 10 - Public perceptions and Policy pathway for Wood Pellets based Energy Transition in Eastern US States
First Author
Nirmal Pandit
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Leticia Munoz Revelo
Northern Kentucky University
Historically, the Appalachian Region's energy movement has been dominated by non-renewable resources, specifically coal. However, its dependency has been challenged by the global transition towards renewable resources. This shift in resource consumption arose due to public concerns about climate change and the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by traditional energy. In this research, we seek to understand the opinions of residents in the Eastern United States (Alabama, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia) about changes in energy production and how it affects their livelihoods. Before making any policy decisions, governments need to gather information regarding public views. Our goal is to identify which factors (e.g., political affiliations, geographical location, age group, gender) are most important when explaining attitudes towards the shift in energy sources, specifically increasing the use of wood pellets as a source for biomass energy, and learn which potential pathways we can design that may help facilitate a sustainable energy transition movement at a local level in Kentucky without compromising the residents' needs and commodities. By surveying residents in these 5 states, we expect to learn more about trends in public perception and how it shapes their acceptance of change. As coal mining jobs in Kentucky and the rest of the country have declined in the past decades, the acceptance towards renewable energy has been put at risk since a decrease in the coal sector in the region can have a direct influence on the employment of many members in the community. The responses gathered from the survey are analyzed using statistical analysis tools. By using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and Principal component analysis(PCA), it provides a model for the distribution of outputs and inputs based on latent variables. This presents the data in a condensed form, making it easier to compare specific sections and create graphical images to present our findings.
ENV 5 - Snowfall Processes in the Ohio River Basin
First Author
Harmony Guercio
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Zachary Suriano
Western Kentucky University
Snowfall holds a significant impact on various aspects of our lives. Besides affecting transportation, local businesses, and outdoor activities, snowfall holds a significant impact on the environment in several different ways. When snow melts, it provides a vital source of water for plants, by replenishing soil moisture and supporting their growth. Additionally, snow acts as an insulating layer to the Earth, which protects many different plants and animals from the extreme colds in the winter. Over the last half-century, many within the Ohio River basin have witnessed a decrease in seasonal snowfall, as well as, the amount of snow dropped from a storm. These changes have had a large impact on local communities. This research focuses on examining the relationship between snowfall and its processes in a warming climate. By analyzing daily snowfall records dating back to the 1950s, this study aims to identify the various weather patterns that lead to snowfall, the spatial distribution of snowfall across the region, and an assessment of how this has changed over time.
ENV 8 - The Effects of Energy Transition: An Environmental Health Study
First Author
Leticia Munoz
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Nirmal Pandit
Northern Kentucky University
Historically, the Appalachian Region's energy movement has been dominated by non-renewable resources, specifically coal. However, its dependency has been challenged by the global transition towards renewable resources. This shift in resource consumption arose due to public concerns about climate change and the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by traditional energy. In this research, we seek to understand the opinions of residents in the Eastern United States (Alabama, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia) about changes in energy production and how it affects their livelihoods. Before making any policy decisions, governments need to gather information regarding public views. Our goal is to identify which factors (e.g., political affiliations, geographical location, age group, gender) are most important when explaining attitudes towards the shift in energy sources, specifically increasing the use of wood pellets as a source for biomass energy, and learn which potential pathways we can design that may help facilitate a sustainable energy transition movement at a local level in Kentucky without compromising the residents' needs and commodities. By surveying residents in these 5 states, we expect to learn more about trends in public perception and how it shapes their acceptance of change. As coal mining jobs in Kentucky and the rest of the country have declined in the past decades, the acceptance towards renewable energy has been put at risk since a decrease in the coal sector in the region can have a direct influence on the employment of many members in the community. The responses gathered from the survey are analyzed using statistical analysis tools. By using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and Principal component analysis(PCA), it provides a model for the distribution of outputs and inputs based on latent variables. This presents the data in a condensed form, making it easier to compare specific sections and create graphical images to present our findings.
ENV 7 - The potential impact of climate change on the frequency and intensity of geohazards in Portland, Jamaica
First Author
Jada Jones
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Buddhi Gyawali
Kentucky State University
This research highlights the potential increase in frequency and intensity of geohazards in Portland, Jamaica, due to climate change impacts and increasing hurricanes and storm events. It conducts a literature review on some of the current research available on Jamaica's geography, how climate change affects geological activity, and the changes occurring in the Atlantic as a result of climate change. The study analyzes how these changes might impact the people and agriculture of the area, with a focus on food security. Portland is recognized as vulnerable to geohazards such as landslides and flooding. A study undertaken by the Jamaican government produced a map of the landslide susceptibility of Portland in 2007 and improved upon it in 2010. It was found that areas of high susceptibility occur in the southwest of Portland, where the Blue Mountain Range runs through the parish, and areas near the John Crow Mountains. Furthermore, this research explores the surge in the Atlantic hurricane season which could lead to more rainfall, creating the ideal conditions to induce landslides and flooding. The study concluded that there is a connection between rising sea surface temperatures (SST) and the severity and frequency of geohazards, which could gravely impact the people and food security. This research is crucial for understanding the risks associated with climate change and geohazards in Portland, Jamaica, and their potential impact on the region's food security.
MATH 1 - The calculation of mathematical knot invariants given a drawn knot projection
First Author
Benjamin McMahan
The Gatton Academy
Co-author
Lincoln Potts
The Gatton Academy
Knot invariants are used to help distinguish knots. If two knots' invariants are not equivalent, then the two knots are not equivalent. One of the main goals of knot theory is to identify what distinguishes knots. The calculation of invariants helps with this. The goal of this project was to create a program that speeds up the process of finding knot invariants. To calculate the Alexander Polynomial, for example, a square matrix of size one less than the number of arcs must be constructed and then its determinant must be calculated. Our program was made using MATLAB. The program inputs an image of a knot projection drawn in MS Paint. Our program is able to calculate valid colorability numbers and the Alexander Polynomial of the uploaded knot drawn by the user. It also displays a colored graph of the knot projection. Our program is able to recognize and handle all Reidemeister moves. It can also recognize different projections of the Unknot and display the correct Alexander Polynomial. Our program successfully accelerates the calculation of the Alexander Polynomial and colorability numbers.
MATH 2 - The Newtonian Limit Of Hermitian Gravity In 8-Dimensional Complex Space
First Author
Joshua Qualls
Morehead State University
Co-author
Richie Knupp
Morehead State University
A unified theory of gravity has been a long-standing problem in modern-day physics. Many attempts have been made to intricately weave general relativity and quantum mechanics into a smooth fabric. The works of Mantz, Prokopec, and Burgers suggest that by considering the theory of Hermitian gravity, one can approach this unification problem in a different way. In this presentation, we extend the work of Mantz, Prokopec, and Burgers. In the authors' paper, the they show the Newtonian limit for three complex dimensions. In this paper we show the Newtonian limit for eight complex dimensions to better understand the theory of Hermitian gravity and further generalize Einstein's theory of general relativity.
Friday, November 3, 2023 12:15pm - 1:15pm
Junior Academy Lunch & STEM Pathways panel
Griffin 316
Junior Academy students and registered chaperones are invited for Lunch and a panel of young scientists organized by CINSAM (Center for Integrative Natural Sciences and Mathematics). Listen to some undergraduates about their own career paths into STEM fields.
Thank you to Kentucky State University for providing lunch!
Thank you to Kentucky State University for providing lunch!
Friday, November 3, 2023 12:15pm - 1:15pm
Workshop - Demystifying the Publishing Process
Student Union 108
Open to everyone. The Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science (JKAS) is an
important means of publishing research for the Academy's members. Publishing benefits both individual members and the Academy, and hence, we would like to increase the number of articles submitted and published in the Journal. Many who might well have something to publish in the Journal at times seem to be 'mystified' by the publishing process. The JKAS editors would like to provide this workshop to help 'demystify' the process for members of the Academy and increase the number and quality of articles published by the Journal.
Presented by Dr. Frank Ettensohn, Editor In Chief, and Dr. Wally Borowski and Dr. Shauna Reilly, Editors of the Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science
important means of publishing research for the Academy's members. Publishing benefits both individual members and the Academy, and hence, we would like to increase the number of articles submitted and published in the Journal. Many who might well have something to publish in the Journal at times seem to be 'mystified' by the publishing process. The JKAS editors would like to provide this workshop to help 'demystify' the process for members of the Academy and increase the number and quality of articles published by the Journal.Presented by Dr. Frank Ettensohn, Editor In Chief, and Dr. Wally Borowski and Dr. Shauna Reilly, Editors of the Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science
Friday, November 3, 2023 12:15pm - 2:15pm
Workshop - Innovating Strategies in the Classroom
Student Union 302
This workshop is for all educators, including K12 teachers from different disciplines, and students. We will discuss some domains in which educators can impact students' lives. 
Collateral Learning derives from Self-Responsibility, Self-Awareness, Self-Management, Life-Long Learning, Self-Motivation, Emotional Intelligence, Interdependence, and Self-Efficacy. The goal is to collaborate and use our experiences to understand deeply the concept of the seven domains mentioned above and be able to help students and empower them with longtime motivation, deep learning, and a desire to be successful. Different activities are planned for attendees that are related to the seven domains. They take part when they are divided into small groups. In each group, members will share their thoughts and experiences following instructions. Then, each group will share their top two or three ideas with all attendees. After each activity, some valuable information will be shared including the results of some research or statements of some known experts. Some concise videos will be used during the workshop that are fun, attractive, and effective and deliver important points without lecturing.
Presenter: Dr. Fariba Nowrouzi-Kashan, Kentucky State University
Collateral Learning derives from Self-Responsibility, Self-Awareness, Self-Management, Life-Long Learning, Self-Motivation, Emotional Intelligence, Interdependence, and Self-Efficacy. The goal is to collaborate and use our experiences to understand deeply the concept of the seven domains mentioned above and be able to help students and empower them with longtime motivation, deep learning, and a desire to be successful. Different activities are planned for attendees that are related to the seven domains. They take part when they are divided into small groups. In each group, members will share their thoughts and experiences following instructions. Then, each group will share their top two or three ideas with all attendees. After each activity, some valuable information will be shared including the results of some research or statements of some known experts. Some concise videos will be used during the workshop that are fun, attractive, and effective and deliver important points without lecturing.Presenter: Dr. Fariba Nowrouzi-Kashan, Kentucky State University
Friday, November 3, 2023 12:15pm - 2:15pm
Workshop - Kentucky Natural History Collections + NKU Herbarium Tour
Science Center 168
Open to Everyone. Natural history collections are a vital component of the scientific process as they
provide an extensive history of observations that scientists can compare to modern specimens. Kentucky contains a diverse range of natural history collections, however there is no central database containing collections in the state. This gives researchers an unnecessary challenge when trying to find relevant data for study. An active collaboration between Eastern Kentucky University and the Kentucky Academy of Science seeks to open a dialog with collection curators across the state and develop a system that will improve visibility for collections and facilitate specimen access for scientists. The workshop includes a tour of the NKU Herbarium to emphasize the importance of these institutional collections. The purpose of our workshop is to initiate conversations with the greater scientific community of Kentucky and strengthen collaboration among institutions.
If you simply wish to tour the NKU Herbarium and not participate in the workshop then proceed to room 101 in the Science Center.
Presenters: Dr. .Stephen Richter and Ethan Hovermale, Eastern Kentucky University, and Dr. Maggie Whitson, Northern Kentucky University
provide an extensive history of observations that scientists can compare to modern specimens. Kentucky contains a diverse range of natural history collections, however there is no central database containing collections in the state. This gives researchers an unnecessary challenge when trying to find relevant data for study. An active collaboration between Eastern Kentucky University and the Kentucky Academy of Science seeks to open a dialog with collection curators across the state and develop a system that will improve visibility for collections and facilitate specimen access for scientists. The workshop includes a tour of the NKU Herbarium to emphasize the importance of these institutional collections. The purpose of our workshop is to initiate conversations with the greater scientific community of Kentucky and strengthen collaboration among institutions.If you simply wish to tour the NKU Herbarium and not participate in the workshop then proceed to room 101 in the Science Center.
Presenters: Dr. .Stephen Richter and Ethan Hovermale, Eastern Kentucky University, and Dr. Maggie Whitson, Northern Kentucky University
Friday, November 3, 2023 12:15pm - 2:15pm
Workshop - The Future of EPSCoR
Student Union 104
This workshop is targeted for faculty and student researchers in Kentucky. EPSCoR (Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research) is a program that allo
cates extra research funding from federal research agencies to underfunded states like Kentucky. NSF has recently overhauled its programs, which has the potential to distribute funds in a more inclusive and equitable way. You’ll also find out about Kentucky’s updated Science & Technology Plan that can guide funding proposals. http://kynsfepscor.uky.edu/ky-epscor/
There are other programs where Kentucky researchers can seek this kind of allocated federal funding - the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) have EPSCoR programs in Kentucky, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has a parallel program in Kentucky funding researchers, the Kentucky Biomedical Research Infrastructure Network (KBRIN).
Friday, November 3, 2023 12:15pm - 2:15pm
Workshop- Making the 'M' in STEM Explicit
Student Union 105
Open to everyone. The STEM acronym was initially coined to highlight the 
importance of the respective disciplines but is more often interpreted as 'science for all.' We want to integrate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics in ways that highlight important concepts and connections. It's often hard to name these connections because we aren't always well-versed in each other's work.
In this workshop session, we will dig into naming the mathematics in some STEM activities and prepare ourselves to share all the disciplines of STEM with students from kindergarten through graduate school.
Presenter: Dee Crescitelli, Kentucky Center for Mathematics
importance of the respective disciplines but is more often interpreted as 'science for all.' We want to integrate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics in ways that highlight important concepts and connections. It's often hard to name these connections because we aren't always well-versed in each other's work.In this workshop session, we will dig into naming the mathematics in some STEM activities and prepare ourselves to share all the disciplines of STEM with students from kindergarten through graduate school.
Presenter: Dee Crescitelli, Kentucky Center for Mathematics
Friday, November 3, 2023 12:15pm - 2:15pm
Workshop- Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon
Griffin Hall 155
Open to everyone. Wikipedia is a free, online encyclopedia that anyone can edit, including you! This workshop will share tools and resources for beginning editors, and you might find that editing Wikipedia is easier and more enjoyable than you thought it would be. Wikipedia is consistently ranked as one of the top ten most visited websites. Improving a Wikipedia page on a topic that you are passionate about is a way to share your knowledge with anyone who wants to learn. Because there are no paywalls, many see Wikipedia as a strategy for information equity and an important tool to share accurate information about important topics. It is a tool for science education as well as for science advocacy.
During this workshop, we will learn the basics of editing a Wikipedia page, then spend time improving pages on scientific topics and biographies of scientists from diverse underrepresented groups. You will leave with a new skill set as well as a bank of resources to use in the future. The last half hour of the workshop can be spent editing a Wikipedia page, or teachers who are interested in Wikipedia-based class assignments can choose to participate in a breakaway discussion about editing Wikipedia in the classroom.
Presenter: Dr. Jessica Lott, Northern Kentucky University
Friday, November 3, 2023 12:45pm - 2:15pm
Workshop - Science Policy & Advocacy
Student Union 109
Open to Everyone. KAS Communications and Policy Director Rob Weber will 
share tips and tools that you can use to help give the science community a strong voice at the State Capitol and everywhere else policy decisions are made. Rob will also review top issues under consideration in Frankfort and offer a brief preview of the Kentucky General Assembly's 2024 legislative session.
A former newspaper journalist, Rob served as the Public Information Manager for the Kentucky Legislative Research Commission before coming aboard KAS. He is a graduate of Leadership Frankfort and served as an officer for organizations including the Kentucky Association of Government Communicators, Toastmasters International, and the national Legislative Information and Communications Staff Association.
Presenter: Rob Weber, KAS Communications & Policy Director
share tips and tools that you can use to help give the science community a strong voice at the State Capitol and everywhere else policy decisions are made. Rob will also review top issues under consideration in Frankfort and offer a brief preview of the Kentucky General Assembly's 2024 legislative session.A former newspaper journalist, Rob served as the Public Information Manager for the Kentucky Legislative Research Commission before coming aboard KAS. He is a graduate of Leadership Frankfort and served as an officer for organizations including the Kentucky Association of Government Communicators, Toastmasters International, and the national Legislative Information and Communications Staff Association.
Presenter: Rob Weber, KAS Communications & Policy Director
Friday, November 3, 2023 1:15pm - 2:15pm
Workshop-The Cancer Disparity in Kentucky: How Can I Help?
Griffin Hall 316
Open to Junior Academy participants and K12 Teachers.
Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death in the United States, affecting nearly 
600,000 patients each year. Kentucky has the highest cancer incidence and mortality rates in the U. S, and residents of Appalachian are disproportionally affected. Social determinants of health that contribute to this disparity include lack of access to healthcare services and economic dependence on tobacco. Cancer literacy, which is defined as a person’s ability to make appropriate healthcare decisions, is essential to reducing Kentucky’s cancer burden.
This workshop will improve Kentucky middle/high school students’ cancer literacy, as well as improve K-12 teachers’ confidence with classroom cancer education. We teach a cancer education curriculum of 3 lessons, each of which features a PowerPoint presentation equipped with interactive activities. The first lesson covers cancer biology and incidence/mortality rates in Kentucky. The second lesson covers cancer risk factors, and the third lesson describes cancer treatments. These lessons are shown to improve Appalachian Kentucky middle and high school students’ cancer literacy. In this workshop, we will complete the first lesson and touch on highlights of the second and third lessons. Afterwards, we will discuss future goals and implementation techniques for the curriculum.
Increased cancer education can cause behavioral modifications that can decrease long-term cancer risk. One effective way students and teachers can help reduce Kentucky’s cancer disparity is by educating themselves and sharing this information with others. By disseminating the curriculum to Kentucky students and teachers at the KAS meeting, we hope to educate and empower them to teach others about cancer in Kentucky.
Presenters: Lauren Rose and Dr. Nathan Vanderford, University of Kentucky
Friday, November 3, 2023 2:30pm - 4:30pm
Junior Academy - Visit to NKU Makerspace
Room 220, Steely Library
Visit Stego Studio, the Steely Library Makerspace, for a tour of their facility and 3d printing demonstrations. Learn about the processes involved in 3d printing, 3d scanning and laser cutting. Located on the second floor of Steely Library, Stego Studio houses 12 3d printers, 2 3d scanners, a laser cutter and engraver, and more.
2:30 - Privacy and Smart Speakers: Are They Listening
First Author
Faris Sahawneh
Murray State University
Co-author
William Hudson
Murray State University
Co-author
Mitch Pierson
Murray State University
Co-author
Zachary Coplea
Murray State University
Co-author
Randall Joyce
Murray State University
In recent years, the proliferation of smart speakers from tech giants like Google, Apple, and Amazon has raised considerable privacy concerns. Our study aimed to empirically examine the inadvertent activations of these devices by playing 120 hours of videos from an eclectic selection of popular TV shows while concurrently monitoring the devices using a video camera to record instances when they were activated. Using a script, we pinpointed the exact moments in the video content that triggered the devices, identifying specific words or phrases that prompted the speakers to activate and listen. Subsequently, we utilized Wireshark to monitor network activity and found a correlative spike in data transmission during these inadvertent activations. This indicates not only the susceptibility of these devices to false triggers but also the potential for unintended data transmission, amplifying the privacy concerns surrounding these smart speakers. Our findings underscore the need for manufacturers to refine their voice recognition systems and offer users more transparent control over their data.
2:45 - Social Cohesion and Democratic Cybersecurity
First Author
Michael Losavio
University of Louisville
Co-author
Jeffrey Sun
University of Louisville
Co-author
Sharon Kerrick
University of Louisville
Co-author
Adel Elmaghraby
University of Louisville
Co-author
Andrew Wright
University of Louisville
The expansion of ubiquitous computing, including the Internet of Things, introduce novel means of criminality. We examined cybersecurity approaches within criminal justice, criminology, and workforce development to test models addressing public cybersecurity harms that have been overlooked.
These suggest a social cohesion effort around the relatively non-partisan public safety issue of democratic cybersecurity. The democratization of technology and the democratization of knowledge can address this as both become more available to more and more people in society. This ranges from the open source movement to ease of use of proprietary devices. It supports inclusion, opportunity and accountability. Members of the cohorts successfully completed the trainings as to implement within their spheres of influence.
Law enforcement and public safety under the democratic accountability implicit in Western constitutions are vital to the liberties and protections of citizens. Together they may assure better community protection and engagement under the rule of law. Each alone is insufficient.
We must 'democratize' cybersecurity through its distributed availability. Universities, colleges, secondary schools and primary schools are essential to this. We present means to achieve this and results from efforts to promote this integration through several coordinated, yet differently targeted programs.
These suggest a social cohesion effort around the relatively non-partisan public safety issue of democratic cybersecurity. The democratization of technology and the democratization of knowledge can address this as both become more available to more and more people in society. This ranges from the open source movement to ease of use of proprietary devices. It supports inclusion, opportunity and accountability. Members of the cohorts successfully completed the trainings as to implement within their spheres of influence.
Law enforcement and public safety under the democratic accountability implicit in Western constitutions are vital to the liberties and protections of citizens. Together they may assure better community protection and engagement under the rule of law. Each alone is insufficient.
We must 'democratize' cybersecurity through its distributed availability. Universities, colleges, secondary schools and primary schools are essential to this. We present means to achieve this and results from efforts to promote this integration through several coordinated, yet differently targeted programs.
3:00 - Multi-Perspective on Disability and Access in Higher Education
First Author
Luke LeFebvre
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Jerzy Jaromczyk
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Renée LeFebvre
Berea College
Co-author
Haden Pike
University of Kentucky
In this interactive discussion, presenters will represent multiple perspectives, institutions, and more inclusive approaches for students with disabilities in higher education. Colleges and universities have unique responsibilities to students with disabilities, providing a cohesive system of support to create a culture of inclusion to reduce the stigma of disability, cultivate belonging, and empower students with disabilities to ensure the opportunity of successful institutional integration and degree completion. However, the number of students with disabilities in post-secondary institutions is increasing and many barriers remain that limit access to higher education (CHE, 2023). The purpose of our presentation is to support teachers, students, and institutions to envision the possibilities to effectively co-create a more accessible learning experiences for all students.
3:15 - Vital Signs Based User Authentication Using Radar Sensing
First Author
Summer Li
duPont Manual High School
A novel biometric authentication (BA) system is developed using an off-the-shelf mmWave Radar, where unique cardiac features are extracted from the radio sensing signals. Compared to existing BA technologies, the proposed system is contactless, cost-effective, unobtrusive, and continuous. The Methods and Procedures are as follows: First, radio sensing data from 12 users are pre-processed by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and range bin selection to identify cardiac motions. Then, unique cardiac features are extracted using advanced random signal processing techniques including Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filtering, followed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of the feature vectors. Finally, a Support Vector Machine (SVM) based machine learning algorithm is applied for user classification. Experimental results show that the authentication accuracy is over 98%. In addition to biometric authentication, the broader impacts include applications in Security and Surveillance, Smart Homes and Devices, Smart Health, and Search and Rescue.
3:30 - Software for using RNA-seq data to compute a genetic distance matrix for individual organisms
First Author
Andrew Tapia
University of Kentucky
Software for using RNA-seq data to compute a genetic distance matrix for individual organisms. ANDREW C. TAPIA, Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506. RNA-seq data are often used to assess functional diversity by quantifying gene expression. This presentation provides an overview of a method for using the same data to compute a matrix of pairwise genetic distances among a set of individuals by finding and comparing orthologous transcripts among the individuals. The computed genetic distance matrix gives a distance between each pair of samples as a real number between 0 and 1, inclusive, and may be used for assessing genetic diversity. The presentation also describes the technology used in implementing the method as a software tool written in the Python, Perl, and Bash programming languages. Initial tests with both simulated data and real data from Lolium arundinaceum, Brachyelytrum erectum, and Bromus laevipes yield results that support the soundness of the method; these tests and their results are described in detail in this presentation. Finally, possible future tests and applications of the described method are discussed, and some potential improvements to the method and implementation are considered.
3:45 - Classifying Alzheimer's Disease Outcome in Single-Cell RNA-Seq Datasets
First Author
Sara Nath
The Gatton Academy of Mathematics and Science
Co-author
Ritambhara Singh
Brown University
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease inflicting nearly 6 million people in the United States, is characterized by molecular and cellular changes in the brain that result in cognitive impairment.
Previous studies have applied machine learning methods to predict AD in bulk RNA datasets. However, since AD's hallmark pathological characteristics are deviations from regular cellular functions, interpreting ML models trained on single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets could reveal a relationship between age-related features from genomics datasets and Alzheimer's disease outcome.
In this study, we tested whether Alzheimer's disease can be predicted on the single cell level by building a machine learning model trained on scRNA-seq datasets. Simultaneously, we built on previous laboratory work to test the effects of count binarization on model performance.
We present two models that can successfully predict Alzheimer's Disease for held-out samples from the same patient datasets they have been trained on, with an AUROC score of up to 0.9752. Even more interestingly, these models generalize across patients, and can classify samples as control or diseases from never-seen-before patient datasets.
Our subsequent analysis, which involved extracting and ranking principal component loadings, highlighted 100 top genes, such as LY6H, DYNLL1, ERBB4, and NEAT1 – all of which have previously been connected to AD.
Further analysis of extracted features could shed light on the relationship between gene expression and AD progression, which may aid in early AD diagnosis.
Previous studies have applied machine learning methods to predict AD in bulk RNA datasets. However, since AD's hallmark pathological characteristics are deviations from regular cellular functions, interpreting ML models trained on single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets could reveal a relationship between age-related features from genomics datasets and Alzheimer's disease outcome.
In this study, we tested whether Alzheimer's disease can be predicted on the single cell level by building a machine learning model trained on scRNA-seq datasets. Simultaneously, we built on previous laboratory work to test the effects of count binarization on model performance.
We present two models that can successfully predict Alzheimer's Disease for held-out samples from the same patient datasets they have been trained on, with an AUROC score of up to 0.9752. Even more interestingly, these models generalize across patients, and can classify samples as control or diseases from never-seen-before patient datasets.
Our subsequent analysis, which involved extracting and ranking principal component loadings, highlighted 100 top genes, such as LY6H, DYNLL1, ERBB4, and NEAT1 – all of which have previously been connected to AD.
Further analysis of extracted features could shed light on the relationship between gene expression and AD progression, which may aid in early AD diagnosis.
4:00 - Development of Web Applications for Local Farm Product Marketing
First Author
Amrit Nepal
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Buddhi Gyawali
Kentucky State University
Farmers in Eastern Kentucky don't have access to a large enough market to display, advertise, and sell their goods. Farmers may advertise their businesses and goods throughout the area thanks to the creation of web applications, which also helps them expand and connect to the online market for sustainable marketing. Farmers can add products to the system or change their shops in real time using their smartphones or laptops from any location at any time. Customers can use their smart devices to look for local goods in the neighborhood or in the individual farmer's market. To create the application, we'll utilize the C# (C-Sharp) programming language and Razor views for displaying the information. Data will be stored in a cloud-based Azure database. The system will provide data such as farmer demographics and addresses, shop characteristics such as location and photos, currently available products, and their prices. Farmers will receive frequent alerts through emails to confirm that accurate information is shown in the system, ensuring data reliability and availability of the most recent information.
4:15 - Comparing Coherence Metrics for Determining the Number of Topics in Topic Modeling
First Author
George Nguyen
The Gatton Academy
Co-author
Om Patel
The Gatton Academy
Co-author
Xiaowen Chen
Western Kentucky University
Topic modeling (TM), a machine learning technique for text mining and classification, has been gradually used in the social science research field. The Latent-Dirichlet-Allocation (LDA) model is the most frequently used TM algorithm, and its accuracy largely depends on the accurate determination of the number of topics to generate. However, few researchers have been aware of this important principle but arbitrarily assigned the topic number to their LDA model without any rigorous empirical or theoretical evidence. In this research, we investigated the use of coherence metrics C_V, C_UMass, C_UCI, and C_NPMI in determining the number of topics by comparing their accuracies of the topics' content to the data. Over 4000 text-based documents were used for this experiment. The results show the C_UMass, C_UCI, and C_NPMI metrics can be relied upon to determine the most optimal number of topics for the topic modeling of a given dataset. The C_V metric and its methodology were evaluated to be inaccurate regarding the cohesiveness and interpretability of topics.
2:30 - Diurnal Patterns of Methane Emissions in Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum)
First Author
Rose Carey
Murray State University
Co-author
Jessica Moon
Murray State University
Co-author
Bassil El Masri
Murray State University
Co-author
Marissa Miles
Murray State University
Co-author
Skylar Ross
Murray State University
Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum) is a deciduous conifer that grows in the hydric soils of the southeastern United States. Trees can be a conduit for carbon dioxide and methane release, but little is known about how trees uptake gases from the soil and release them through their stems. We are studying the diurnal fluctuations of Bald Cypress trees in a cove of Kentucky Lake, KY to determine what factors relate to stem carbon dioxide and methane fluxes. Factors under investigation include temperature, humidity, light exposure, water levels, and soil fluxes. We are collecting carbon dioxide and methane flux rates at 60 and 120 cm heights on 6 tree stems across 24-hour cycles for 6 sampling dates between the Spring and Fall of 2023. Based on the 3 sampling cycles collected in April through May of 2023, carbon dioxide and methane fluxes averaged 2.5 +/- 2.4 umol m-2 sec-1 and 32.6 +/- 73.6 nmol m-2 sec-1, respectively. Fluxes tended to increase in late May, at which time most trees experienced higher flux rates at lower stem heights. Also, during late May, trees with higher fluxes tended to peak in carbon dioxide efflux during the afternoon. This work can be used to improve model estimates of greenhouse gas emissions by understanding the levels of emissions and factors that drive variation in stem emissions in hydric soil conditions.
2:45 - Contribution of Bald cypress knees to greenhouse gas emissions during climate extremes
First Author
Skylar Ross
Murray State University
Co-author
Niklas Klauss
Murray State University
Co-author
Jessica Moon
Murray State University
Co-author
Marissa Miles
Murray State University
Co-author
Kabiraj Khatiwada
University of Arkansas
Co-author
Bassil El Masri
Murray State University
Co-author
Benjamin Runkle
University of Arkansas
Co-author
Gary Stinchcomb
University of Memphis
Wetland carbon source-sink dynamics are subject to change given increasing frequency in extreme climatic events. Few have investigated the role the 'knees' of Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) trees play in wetland carbon dynamics and how they may be affected by changing climates. We are measuring methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from individual knees located at two sites with different relative elevations, soils, and 1 m2 plots containing varying knee densities at Clark's River National Wildlife Refuge in Western Kentucky. During drought conditions in Fall of 2022, knees were a CH4 source despite soil uptake, with knee emissions increasing with soil (p-value < 0.001) and air temperatures (p-value = 0.002). No significant relationship was found with knee density, though knees appeared to offset net CH4 uptake in density plots. Sampling is ongoing during non–drought conditions to investigate the influence of drought on knee carbon dynamics. In Summer 2023, an extreme flooding event (17.7 cm of rain in under 24 hours) caused an increase in CH4 emissions from knees located at the lower elevation site (p-value = 0.002), indicating emissions may be influenced by climate extremes. Results from this study can be used to refine wetland carbon models and budgets in the face of global climate change, which currently do not consider knee emissions.
3:00 - Carbon Dynamics of Taxodium distichum across various Western Kentucky Hydrogeomorphic Settings
First Author
Marissa Miles
Murray State University
Co-author
Jessica Moon
Murray State University
Co-author
Skylar Ross
Murray State University
Co-author
Rosie Carey
Murray State University
Co-author
Kabi Raj Khatiwada
University of Arkansas
Co-author
Bassil El Masri
Murray State University
Co-author
Gary Stinchcomb
University of Memphis
Co-author
Benjamin Runkle
University of Arkansas
Bottomland hardwood forests contain major carbon pools within their tree biomass and deep soils, yet their anaerobic wetland soils can produce significant amounts of methane (CH4) –escaping into the atmosphere through trees. We aim to identify variations in carbon source-sink dynamics on tree stems across size, height, and hydrogeomorphic settings (HGM) within hydric mineral soils wetlands using a single, commonly found wetland species–Taxodium distichum. We predict that the greatest stem CH4 emissions will be found in HGMs with the highest and most consistent of the following: inundation, organic matter content, and temperature. Additionally, we expect HGM to exaggerate the exponential decay relationship between stem sampling height and emissions. Monthly collection of carbon gas fluctuation occurs in three western Kentucky protected areas (i.e., Clarks River National Wildlife Refuge, Murphy's Pond Nature Preserve, Kentucky Lake's Hancock Biological Station) at two heights (i.e., 40 cm and 120 cm) at three HGMs (i.e., slough, fringing pond, and fringing lake). June 2023 results showed the greatest CH4 emissions from the fringing lake (within 120 cm), with greater emissions at fringing sites' 40cm heights compared to the slough (p-value < 0.05). On average, smaller stems had the greatest CH4 emissions (p-value = 0.002). Fluxes lower on the collars (40 cm) were significantly higher in CH4 emissions compared to higher stems (120 cm) for the fringing lake and fringing pond sites. Our study will be essential to develop and validate tree stem CH4 schemes to improve land surface models for CH4 flux predictions.
3:15 - Does the spatial patterning of microbial resources influence net methane emissions from hydric soils?
First Author
Jessica Moon
Murray State University
Co-author
Isaiah Radford
Murray State University
Co-author
Karen Baumann
Murray State University
Co-author
Michael Flinn
Murray State University
Microbial habitats can be spatially more homogenized in created wetlands and wetlands situated in landscapes with past or present human influence compared to those in intact natural settings. Few studies have documented whether this habitat complexity or a lack thereof, matters to wetland function. We are investigating whether spatial patterning of soil resources and overall habitat complexity matter to methane emissions using hydric mineral soil mesocosms. A study in non-hydric soils showed a reduction in microbial activity with an increase in the patchiness of labile carbon availability. Their findings varied with the substrate's ability to diffuse, as water assists the movement of both microbes and resources. In our initial study, we compared net methane emissions across inundated mesocosms with no added resources, with cypress needles clumped into one patch, and with cypress needles spread out in smaller patches. During initial decomposition (~ 120 days), we found the highest emissions in the clumped treatment and the lowest in mesocosms without resources, with the only significant difference being between these two treatments. We also found significant differences between methanogenic and methanotrophic communities in soils near needles compared to soils further away from needles, suggesting patch dynamics despite the potential for labile resource diffusion. We predict that as the substrate shifts, from labile to more recalcitrant, differences among clumped and dispersed treatments might be more pronounced. If habitat complexity affects the microbial cycling of carbon, this work might have implications for wetland restoration practices and modelers exploring ways to upscale fine-scale carbon dynamics.
3:30 - Mobility of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Animal Manure Amended Soil to Runoff Water from an Agricultural Field
First Author
George Antonious
Kentucky State University (KSU)
A field experiment in specially designed runoff erosion plots was established to monitor nutrient mobility from animal manure-incorporated soil to runoff and seepage water following natural rainfall events using a tipping bucket and pan-lysimeters apparatus, respectively. Runoff and seepage water from five soil management practices (chicken manure CM, sewage sludge SS, chitin CH, biochar Bio, and no-amendment NA control plots) were investigated for potential runoff water and nutrient catching down the field slope of sweet potato, Ipomoea balata. The results revealed that CM amended soil released the greatest runoff water volume (172.6 L plot -1) compared to the control treatment (98.6 L plot -1) indicating a 75% increase in runoff water volume. CM also increased the water volume percolated into the rhizosphere of the growing plants by 55% compared to the control. Whereas SS reduced the runoff water volume and increased the leaching water by 36% and 82% respectively compared to the control plots (a desirable attribute of water conservation). The concentration of PO4 ions in the percolated water from biochar treatment was significantly greater compared to the other treatments including the control treatment indicating the no impact of biochar in binding PO4 ions. Overall nitrate concentration in runoff from CM-amended soil (286.9 µg L-1) was significantly greater compared to the control (80.2 µg L-1). Whereas SS reduced the nitrate concentrations in runoff and increased the seepage water volume percolated towards the roots of the growing plants, a desired attribute for preventing surface water contamination by nitrates.
3:45 - Variability of Biochar Paybacks in Agricultural Production Systems
First Author
George Antonious
Kentucky State University (KSU)
Soil fertility is dependent on soil biology, in which microbes act as energetic parts of richness and crop production through enzymatic activity and nutrient cycling. A field experiment was conducted to monitor the impact of mixing biochar with animal manure and other soil organic and inorganic amendments on the activity of three enzymes in the rhizosphere of field-grown turnips, Brassica rapa plants. The main objective was to assess the impact of biochar and soil amendments on soil urease, invertase, acid, and alkaline phosphatase activity involved in N, C, and P cycles, respectively. The field experiment was established with fourteen soil treatments: control (native soil), sewage sludge SS, horse manure HM, chicken manure CM, vermicompost Vermi, commercial organic fertilizer Org, inorganic fertilizer Inorg, and biochar added to native soil, SS, HM, CM, Vermi, Org, and Inorg. The results revealed the variability of biochar efficiency. The activity of soil urease that indicates soil N cycling was significantly higher (P≤0.05) in HM, CM, and SS amended soil. Biochar added to inorganic and organic fertilizers significantly increased soil urease activity by 28% and 22%, respectively. A significant increase in invertase activity was detected in HM-amended soil, compared to the control treatments, reaching a maximum increase of 130%. Four months after soil amendment applications, SS was superior in increasing soil acid phosphatase activity. Whereas biochar added to CM, Vermi, Organic, and Inorganic fertilizers did not impact acid phosphatase activity. The influence of biochar on soil enzymes (urease, invertase, and phosphatase) was found negative, positive, or insignificant.
4:00 - Influence of prescribed burns on populations of small mammals in the South African bushveld
First Author
Natalie Heath
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Michael Stokes
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Paul Allin
Transfrontier Africa
Controlled burning is a common conservation practice on many nature reserves in South Africa, as wildfires burn hotter and longer without the routine clearing of fuel. The effects of both controlled and wildfires have been documented for many larger animal species, but little is known of their effects on rodent populations. On Olifants West Nature Reserve in Limpopo Province, South Africa, we assessed rodent abundance and diversity by setting traps in an area that was intentionally burned 10 months prior, and in an adjacent area that had not experienced burning. Traps were set on three transects from one area to the other. Traps were checked weekly in both areas over a period of two months. We hypothesized that we would catch more animals in the unburned area, as fire causes much direct mortality in rodents and they often fail to recover (Francl & Small 2013). We caught four rodent species: Micaelamys namaquensis (Namaqua rock mouse) Aethomys chrysophilus (red veld rat) Gerbilliscus leucogaster (bushveld gerbil), and Paraxerus cepapi (Smith's bush squirrel). We caught more animals of every species in the unburned than in the burned area, but for only two species (gerbil and squirrel) were the differences significant. Red veld rats in the burned area were more commonly found adjacent to the unburned area.
WITHDRAWN - Optimal Release Timing and Strategies for Relocation of Sharp-tailed Grouse
First Author
Riley Davis
Georgetown College
Sharp-tailed Grouse, Tympanuchus phasianellus, are important for range ecosystems and are considered an indicator species. Unfortunately, they have become extirpated from portions of their native range. Reintroduction efforts have begun with the intent to understand the most successful strategies for this process. My project focused on evaluating how timing of relocation and duration in captivity affects reproductive success. In this study, the grouse were trapped throughout the spring and tracked in the summer breeding season via telemetry. Grouse that were relocated earlier and spent less time in captivity exhibited higher rates of nest success. Because these grouse were released earlier in the season, they had more time to acclimate to their new habitat and less time in captivity, which imposed less stress on them. This information can be used to optimize success in future reintroduction projects with similar species.
2:30 - Observations of the Changing-Look AGN RXJ0128.1-1848
First Author
Alaina Spencer
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Dirk Grupe
Northern Kentucky University
While in the standard Unified Model of Active Galactic Nuclei we distinguish between Seyfert 1 and 2 galaxies, some AGN change their type. These are called Changing Look AGN, and many of them have been known for more than a decade. In November 2022, another of this rare type was discovered by NASA's Swift observatory in an unusually low X-ray flux state: the galaxy RXJ0128.1-1848. This discovery triggered XMM and NuSTAR observations at the beginning of January 2023. Here we will summarize the preliminary results from our decade-long Swift monitoring of RXJ0128.1-1848 and well as from the recent XMM and NuSTAR observations.
2:45 - Massive Parallelization of Chudnovsky Algorithm for Computing Pi on an Ad-Hoc Compute Cluster
First Author
Deanna Wilborne
Berea College
Using Python on Linux, and the libraries for Open MPI, gmpy2, and MPFR, a parallel implementation of the Chudnovsky brothers algorithm for computing Pi was developed to run on a small 4 node (16 core) cluster of Raspberry Pi computers, then later deployed on a 35 node (70 core) bank of laptops loaded with Ubuntu Linux, MPFR, and Open-MPI that had been refurbished for donation to non-profits from Berea College. The algorithm developed was designed to fully distribute the load of computation across the cluster so that each compute node's effort to computing Pi to an arbitrary number of digits took approximately the same amount of time.
3:00 - Catastrophe Theory Applied to Physical Systems
First Author
Joshua Qualls
Morehead State University
Co-author
Kelsey Ball
Morehead State University
Despite the ubiquity of nonlinear phenomena in modeling the physical universe, many undergraduate institutions are only able to offer an introductory course on ordinary differential equations. Morehead State University is in the process of creating an Applied Mathematics track that will include a course on nonlinear dynamics. This course will better integrate the concepts of pure mathematics with exercises and investigations that emphasize computational and numerical approaches to topics like bifurcation theory and catastrophe theory. One popular choice for demonstrating concepts in catastrophe theory is the mechanical system of a mass that is subjected to a spring force and that moves along a tilted wire In this talk we will cover the foundations of catastrophe theory and how they apply to physical systems. In particular, we examine an experimental set-up and use mathematical analysis to compare experimental behavior to our numerical simulations regarding stability bifurcations.
3:15 - Classical Universal Inflation out of Minisupersurface False Vacuum Fluctuations
First Author
Mohannad Islaieh
Columbus State Community College
It has been widely renowned that the creation of the universe relies mainly upon the quantum nature of the consideration. Given that the universe had a starting point, the debate of quantum cosmology now is to find out what kind of point that was. Vacuum bubbles, that begin by virtue of a spontaneous quantum mechanism, expand exponentially as a transition from a quantum state to a classical spacetime. The behavior of large vacuum bubbles is analyzed in which a non-rigorous consideration of a spontaneous creation of the cosmos is employed naturally. The mechanism studied here allows the universe to have a one-way repulsive gravitational inflation as a result of metastable quantum perturbations drawn by the homogeneous and isotropic minisuperspace metric characterized by a single scale factor changing with time, a(t). Constructing the action in the following form
S=1/2κ ∫▒〖(-g)^(1/2) d^4 x (R-9π/G 〖λ(ν)〗^2 ) 〗,
where λ(ν) is the expansion rate, it is possible to show that the geometry of quantum potential of the de Broglie-Bohm trajectory theory adds up to a classical expansion of the universe no matter the curvature, where the Friedman equation, for p=-2, reads
a ̇^2/a^2 =8πG/3 ρ_ν+λ(3/4)^2-k/a^2 ,
where the effective cosmological constant would take a place by reason of the general term (4ν (λ(ν)^2 g_μν )). The results show that quantum potential is equivalent to an effective cosmological constant which, then, plays the role of inflation when the scalar factor is much smaller than unity (a≪1).
S=1/2κ ∫▒〖(-g)^(1/2) d^4 x (R-9π/G 〖λ(ν)〗^2 ) 〗,
where λ(ν) is the expansion rate, it is possible to show that the geometry of quantum potential of the de Broglie-Bohm trajectory theory adds up to a classical expansion of the universe no matter the curvature, where the Friedman equation, for p=-2, reads
a ̇^2/a^2 =8πG/3 ρ_ν+λ(3/4)^2-k/a^2 ,
where the effective cosmological constant would take a place by reason of the general term (4ν (λ(ν)^2 g_μν )). The results show that quantum potential is equivalent to an effective cosmological constant which, then, plays the role of inflation when the scalar factor is much smaller than unity (a≪1).
3:30 - Celestium: An Advanced Satellite Modeling Tool based on Numerical Integration of Ordinary Differential Equations
First Author
Nikhil Kumar
Gatton Academy of Mathematics and Science
In 2022, the Satellite Industry Association reported a staggering 45% increase in the number of operational satellites, resulting in an orbital population exceeding 7,000 around Earth. With the growing reliance on satellite technology, the demand for precise and dependable orbit modeling has increased. This project aims to aid this problem through the creation of Celestium, a sophisticated software solution engineered to compute satellite orbits while accommodating a spectrum of perturbations, including J2 effects, atmospheric drag, etc. Celestium enables users to define satellite orbits through two methods: the basic position (r) and velocity (v) vectors or the Keplerian Orbital Elements (KOEs) set comprising semi-major axis (a), eccentricity (e), inclination (i), true anomaly (theta), argument of periapsis (omega), and the right ascension of the ascending node (Omega). The transformation between the perifocal frame of reference (PQ) and the Earth-Centered Inertial frame (ECI) is accomplished using a translation matrix, allowing for a position and velocity to be generated from the KOEs (which then is numerically integrated via the Runge-Kutta method). Celestium incorporates perturbations by adjusting a derived acceleration equation. The accuracy of Celestium's simulations aligns closely with empirical data collected by NASA for satellite trajectories. Additionally, Celestium accommodates various attitude maneuvers, including Hohmann transfers, further enhancing its versatility.
3:45 - Capacities of rectangular chessboards
First Author
Doug Chatham
Morehead State University
Given unlimited supplies of standard white and black chess pieces, how many pieces can we place on the squares of a chess board with m rows and n columns so that no pair of those pieces attack or guard each other? Based partly on computer solutions to integer linear programming problems, we determine the maximum number possible (the 'capacity') for infinitely many values of m and n. For instance, if the number of columns is a multiple of 4, the capacity is n times the smallest integer greater than or equal to 2m/3.
4:00 - Predicting Eclipses
First Author
Dwight Smith
Kentucky Community and Technical College System
We all know about the upcoming total solar eclipse on April 8th. Many people may not know how eclipses are predicted. This talk explains the Saros cycle that is used for such predictions. The Saros has been used for centuries and can predict eclipses in the past and in the future. It also displays eclipse patterns. For example, the April 8th solar eclipse has much the same pattern as the total solar eclipse of March 7th, 1970.
4:15 - Numerically Solving Bound State Energies for Norton's Well
First Author
Joshua Qualls
Morehead State University
Co-author
Ashley Peters
Morehead State University
Norton's dome is a three-dimensional dome that comes to a point on top, where a particle is placed. When solving for the equations of motion for the particle, there are two solutions. In one solution, the particle stays there indefinitely. The other solution shows the particle falling down the side of the dome after an arbitrary amount of time. After introducing the equations of motion using Lagrangian mechanics we "flip" Norton's dome upside down to make it Norton's well. The well retains the shape of the dome, and now it can be used as a finite well in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. Using principles of quantum mechanics, the bound states for different sizes of Norton's well can be calculated numerically using the 'wag the dog' approximation method.
2:30 - Ontogeny of social grooming in wild juvenile olive baboons (Papio anubis)
First Author
Marissa Vestal
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Ansley Cahill
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
McKenzie Ingalls
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Monica Wakefield
Northern Kentucky University
Ontogeny of social grooming in wild juvenile olive baboons (Papio anubis) at the Uaso Ngiro Baboon Project in Laikipia, Kenya. Primates are unique among mammals in experiencing extended juvenile periods where they are nutritionally independent from mothers, but still spend significant amounts of time associating with their mother. Juvenility is believed to be a pivotal life history period for social development as individuals start developing social bonds beyond the maternal unit. However, this remains largely untested in wild primates. We aim to explore the ontogeny of social relationships in wild olive baboons (Papio anubis), expressed via social grooming, among juveniles (ages 2 – 5.5 years old) at the Uaso Ngiro Baboon Project in Laikipia, Kenya. Here we test hypotheses that the sex differences in adult grooming patterns will begin developing in juvenility and juveniles will increase grooming with nonkin as they age. We found that females spent more of their daily time budgets grooming (10.49%) than males (4.68%) and females were involved in significantly more grooming bouts than male juveniles (66% and 34% respectively; X2 (1, 4310) = 161.88, p <0.00001). Juveniles decreased grooming with their mothers as they aged (68% of their grooming at age 2 to 21% at age 5.5), and increased grooming with nonkin (14% of their grooming at age 2 to 50% at age 5.5). These results reflect adult differences in grooming relationships with adult females dedicating much more time to grooming than males. As they are often excluded from social grooming analyses, our results on juveniles contribute to a broader understanding of the grooming and developmental processes of baboon social dynamics.
2:45 - Animosity, Aggression, Antagonism - Hockey Fights On the Ice
First Author
Melony Stambaugh
Independent Scholar
This paper takes a look at hockey fights in the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL). As hockey players, the role of fighting and the rules, official and otherwise, are explored as a means of understanding the group dynamics of professional athletes. In addition, the trends of fighting and equipment related to safety are scrutinized from a longitudinal viewpoint.
WITHDRAWN - Brain activation during the recall of early and recent autobiographical memory
First Author
Kirstin Thomas
Georgetown College
Co-author
Brendan Depue
University of Louisville
There is currently limited knowledge on how a person's recall ability differs with early versus recent autobiographical memories. It is important to understand these differences because memories are crucial to our identity of the self. In this study, participants were given memory tasks while in an fMRI scanner, allowing us to analyze the brain activation during the different memory tasks. It was hypothesized that there would be greater brain activation during the recall of earlier memories as these memories would be more functionally demanding to access. However, results from the scans indicate more brain activation when recalling recent memories, specifically in the medial prefrontal cortex area of the brain. This could be due to recent memories being more accessible, vivid, and having greater arousal and emotion attached. It was also observed that there was significant functional connectivity between the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, as well as between the hippocampus and amygdala during the recollection of recent memories. These results provide insight into the brain activation when recalling memories, which help to establish an individual's self-identity.
AGR 11 - An Update on the Kentucky State University Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Breeding Project.
First Author
Kirk Pomper
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Jeremy Lowe
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Sheri Crabtree
Kentucky State University
Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a temperate deciduous tree fruit species that is native to North America. Pawpaw is in the early stages of commercial production with fresh market and processing appeal. Although there are approximately 50 pawpaw cultivars commercially available, many varieties are low yielding and/or have small fruit size of less than 120 g. Pawpaw varieties with fruit weighing over 120 g per fruit are optimal for commercial sale and processing. New high yielding cultivars with excellent fruit quality would further assist in the development of the pawpaw industry. Kentucky State University has already released three pawpaw cultivars, KSU-AtwoodTM in 2009, KSU-BensonTM in 2016, and KSU-ChappellTM in 2018. However, additional high quality cultivars are needed. Crosses were made between 'Sunflower' x 'Susquehanna', 'Susquehanna' x 'Sunflower', Hi4-1 x 'Sunflower' 'Sunflower' x 7-90, and open pollinated seedlings of 'Shenandoah' and 'Susquehanna'. Seeds were extracted from fruit produced from the crosses seedlings planted at the KSU Farm. Additionally, open pollinated seedlings have been selected and evaluated. The selections Hi4-1, Hi7-1, and G9-109 show promise as advanced selections. For all selections, bloom time, fruit weight, yield, and disease susceptibility will be evaluated in the coming years.
AGR 9 - Analysis of production and on-farm post-harvest handling of rice in Iwo local government area, Osun State, Nigeria.
First Author
Samuel Oshikoya
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Kehinde Adetunji
Osun State University
Co-author
Gyawali Buddhi
Kentucky State University
Rice (Oryza sativa) is an important staple food in Nigeria; however, its production is characterized by some post-harvest handling challenges. Thus, the study sought to analyze the production and post-harvest handling of rice in Iwo Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) zones, Osun state, Nigeria. The study describes the socioeconomic characteristics of the farmers, the factors that influence rice output, net returns of production, major constraints to rice production, and post-harvest handling practices among the rice farmers. Primary data were collected from rice producers in the study area; 120 people responded to the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis and regression analysis were employed. The result showed that most of the rice farmers were male (60.6%), the mean age was 53years, all were married with a family size of 5 persons. Over half (57.5%) lacked formal education, had 13 years' rice farming experience. The result further showed that estimated total revenue was ₦1,249,733.33 and benefit cost ratio was 1.73. The regression analysis showed that rice output was influenced by gender, farm size, household size and number of labors used. Major constraints identified were lack of finance, insufficient capital, pests and diseases, poor infrastructure and climate change. All respondents (100%) hire labor during harvesting. Only (43.3%) of the respondents sell their rice immediately after harvest; the majority (56.7%) do not sell immediately. The study concludes that NGOs and the state government should improve infrastructure, including rural roads, to enable farmers to transport their rice to areas where they can be sold at economic cost.
AGR 8 - Assessment of soil fertility status of citrus nurseries in Jajarkot district of Nepal
First Author
Dipesh Oli
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Ramhari Timilsina
Agriculture and Forestry University
Co-author
Buddhi Gyawali
Kentucky State University
Soil fertility evaluation is a basic decision-making tool for effective soil nutrient management, and altitudinal variation has implications for nutrient management. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the variability of soil fertility status of citrus nurseries located in different altitude and to determine the most limiting nutrient of citrus nurseries of Jajarkot for citrus sapling production. Six altitudes- 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700 and 1800 masl (meter above mean sea level)- were taken as treatments and replicated five times. The research was laid out in RCBD design. Thirty composite soil samples were collected from different nurseries at a depth of 0-20 cm. Highest (6.55) and lowest (5.65) pH was observed in 1300 and 1800 masl, respectively. The highest (6.03%) and lowest (2.61%) organic matter content was found in 1800 and 1300 masl altitude, respectively. Total nitrogen content was found to be highest (0.3%) and lowest (0.13%) in 1800 and 1300 masl altitude, respectively. Sixty percent of collected samples were high in nitrogen content, and no soil samples were low in nitrogen content. Available phosphorous content was found to be highest (38.89 kg/ha) and lowest (12.07 kg/ha) in 1800 and 1300 masl altitude, respectively. Sixty-seven percent of collected samples were low in available phosphorus and found to be limiting nutrient for citrus sapling production. Most soil samples (67%) were high in potassium content. Thus, it is suggested to citrus nursery growers to include phosphorous in soil to produce quality citrus saplings to enhance productivity.
AGR 5 - Consumer preference on saffron uses in cheesecake
First Author
Hideka Kobayashi
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Sheri Crabtree
Kentucky State University
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a bulbous perennial crop, and typically cultivated in the Mediterranean climate region, including Iran, Spain Greece and Kashmir. Saffron is the most expensive spice in the world, largely due to its extensive labor input into harvesting and processing. Saffron has been cultivated in parts of the U.S., and there is a resurgence in its production. Kentucky State University has been evaluating its potential as a niche crop for small and limited-resource farmers in Kentucky since 2019. One objective for this portion of the study is to evaluate consumer preference on saffron used in various dishes. Sensory evaluation of cheesecake containing saffron was performed in June of 2023. There were seventeen participants for the testing, consisting of eight males and nine females, and the age distribution was between twenty-six and sixty-eight. There were three types of cheesecakes (i.e., vanilla, lemon and persimmon) with and without saffron. A half of the test subjects was given cheesecakes without saffron, and then ones with saffron. The rest were given with cheesecakes with saffron first and then ones without saffron. Overall, test subjects preferred cheesecakes without saffron, and the most popular combination was lemon cheesecake without saffron.
AGR 3 - Effect of light intensity on the accumulation of Beta-Carotene in the mostly grown kale varieties in Kentucky
First Author
Asbin B K
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Theoneste Nzaramyima@kysu.edu
Kentucky State University
Different phytochemicals like beta-carotene present in vegetables play a big role in decreasing the risk of major eye diseases such as cataract and Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Environmental factors play an important role in their biosynthesis, metabolism, and accumulation. Light intensity is one of the most important environmental factors that impacts on beta carotene concentrations in leafy vegetables. Kale (Brassica oleracea var. Acephala) which is one of the most consumed vegetables, has a higher concentration of beta-carotene. The purpose for this study will be to find the optimum light intensity that will enhance maximum accumulation of beta-carotene in different varieties of kale. For this, two kale varieties; White Russian and Lusinato, will be grown in inside the environmental growth chambers. Four growth chambers will be used to create different levels of light intensity treatments. The experimental design will be a striped-split plot, with four replications per treatment. Elemental nutrients in leaf tissues will be analyzed using Inductivity Couple Plasma (ICP). Carotenoid compounds will be identified using reverse phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Light intensity producing maximum beta-carotene will be recommended as optimum intensity level for enhancing beta-carotene. Furthermore, these findings will be recommended for farm research trials.
AGR 1 - Effect of sulfur nutrient on Beta-carotene accumulation.
First Author
Adekunle Adeyeye
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Theoneste Nzaramyimana
Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY
Age-related ocular conditions like age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts present substantial global health challenges. Beta carotene, a natural antioxidant and precursor of vitamin A, has historically been associated with the preservation of ocular health and the prevention of these incapacitating afflictions. In this innovative idea, we will explore the impact of sulfur nutrient levels on the accumulation of beta-carotene in hydroponically cultivated watercress (Nasturtium officinale). Our hypothesis posits that different levels of sulfur will have different variations of beta-carotene accumulation in watercress.
Our experimental strategy entails subjecting hydroponically nurtured watercress to different levels of sulfur nutrient, within parameters compatible with its growth requisites. We will meticulously monitor the expression patterns of key enzymes and genes implicated in beta-carotene biosynthesis and scrutinize the progressive accumulation of this indispensable compound. Our anticipated findings are poised to elucidate the optimal sulfur level for augmenting beta carotene synthesis in watercress, ultimately amplifying its nutritional value and therapeutic utility.
The implications of this research endeavor are profound, with the potential to substantially influence public health by presenting an innovative and sustainable strategy for combatting age-related ocular maladies. By elucidating the nexus between the sulfur levels and beta-carotene accrual, we aspire to contribute to the formulation of dietary approaches and hydroponic cultivation methodologies that empower individuals to proactively oversee their ocular well-being and ameliorate the burden of age-related vision infirmities.
Our experimental strategy entails subjecting hydroponically nurtured watercress to different levels of sulfur nutrient, within parameters compatible with its growth requisites. We will meticulously monitor the expression patterns of key enzymes and genes implicated in beta-carotene biosynthesis and scrutinize the progressive accumulation of this indispensable compound. Our anticipated findings are poised to elucidate the optimal sulfur level for augmenting beta carotene synthesis in watercress, ultimately amplifying its nutritional value and therapeutic utility.
The implications of this research endeavor are profound, with the potential to substantially influence public health by presenting an innovative and sustainable strategy for combatting age-related ocular maladies. By elucidating the nexus between the sulfur levels and beta-carotene accrual, we aspire to contribute to the formulation of dietary approaches and hydroponic cultivation methodologies that empower individuals to proactively oversee their ocular well-being and ameliorate the burden of age-related vision infirmities.
AGR 6 - Effects of N-Acetyl-L-Methionine (NALM) supplementation on plasma metabolome of lactating Holstein dairy cows
First Author
Oluwaseun Odunfa
kentucky state university
Co-author
Anjan Dhungana
kentucky state university
Co-author
Happiness Ajayi
kentucky state university
Co-author
Felipe Amaro
University of Florida
Co-author
Diwakar Vyas
University of Florida
Co-author
Yun Jiang
kentucky state university
This study aimed to determine the effects of supplementing N-acetyl-l-methionine (NALM) on the plasma metabolome of lactating dairy cows. Sixty multiparous Holstein dairy cows in early lactation [27 ± 4.3 Days in milk (DIM)] blocked by actual milk yield were assigned to four treatments; control (no NALM), 15 g/d of NALM, 30 g/d of NALM and 45 g/d of NALM in a randomized complete block design. All cows were fed a total mixed ration representing an early lactating diet twice daily with the NALM top-dressed along with the morning feeding only. Blood samples were collected 2 h post-feeding at week 16. Feeding NALM at 30 g/head/day resulted in the greatest improvements in feed efficiency. Thus, plasma samples from the control and 30 g/d of NALM group were used for the metabolomic study using liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (LC-MS) method. Metabolome data was analyzed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. A total of 258 metabolites were detected and identified in the plasma. Feeding NALM at 30 g/head/day enriched (P ≤ 0.05) 4 metabolic pathways including Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, and primary bile acid synthesis. Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis and valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis have been associated with protein synthesis, fat oxidation and energy production; bile acid synthesis facilitates the digestion and absorption of fatty acids. Overall, NALM supplementation enhances critical pathways vital for protein synthesis, energy production, and effective fatty acid digestion and absorption, leading to enhanced metabolic health and performance.
AGR 10 - From soil to sale: A financial analysis of potato farming in rural Nepal
First Author
Shreesha Pandeya
Kentucky State University
This study was carried out to assess the economics of production and marketing activities of potato in Achham district. A total of 120 farmers' samples were obtained using simple random sampling method as well as 10 traders through snowball sampling method in Ramaroshan and Jayagadh Rural Municipality. The data were analyzed using MS-Excel 2019, SPSS version 26 and STATA 12 software. Results showed that tot al average cost of production was NRs. 269438 per hectare, average household production was 1470.97 kg and average productivity was 10.97 t/ha. High labor cost and seed cost mostly contributed to high cost of production. Benefit cost ratio and gross margin were 1.3 and NRs. 81,486 per hectare respectively. Cobb Douglas production function showed the return to scale value 1.17. From KII, FGD and Rapid market appraisal, it was found that lack of storage houses, seasonal roads that hinder transportation facilities, import of potatoes from India at lower price, lack of marketing knowledge of farmers and distant market leading to higher costs of transportation were major problems related to marketing. Incidence of insects (red ant) followed by lack of irrigation and poor rainfall were problems in production. An immediate need for farm mechanization with the increased adoption of new technologies, potato product-based processing industries, and maximum extension activities is seen in the area.
AGR 7 - Metabolomic insights into heat-resistant lactating dairy cows
First Author
Oluwaseun Odunfa
kentucky state university
Co-author
Anjan Dhungana
kentucky state university
Co-author
Happiness Ajayi
kentucky state university
Co-author
Thomas Webster
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Waldemar Rossi
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Yun JIang
Kentucky State University
The intensifying impact of climate change poses a significant challenge to dairy cattle production. As rising temperatures become more frequent and extreme, heat stress has emerged as a critical factor affecting dairy cow performance, health, and milk production. Holstein dairy cows, known for high milk production, are more susceptible to heat stress due to their elevated metabolic rates and heat production. Heat stress in dairy cows leads to 20 to 40% decrease in feed intake, 10 to 40% reduction in milk yield, and metabolic disorders such as rumen acidosis, negative energy balance, and sometimes death. Interventions and management strategies like housing, provision of shade, evaporative cooling, and nutritional strategies that could strengthen the heat resilience of these cows, thereby enhancing their productivity in a changing climate have been reported. Identifying heat-resistant animals within high-production breeds such as Holstein cows, is promising for maintaining productivity in hot conditions. Recent research on metabolomic profiles of heat-resistant lactating dairy cows revealed alterations in pathways associated with carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. Notably, metabolites such as maltose, glycerol, mannitol, and lysophosphatidylcholine have emerged as potential indicators of heat resistance in dairy cows. There is still no consensus on suitable heat resistance biomarkers in cows. Therefore, a better understanding of the metabolic differences between heat-prone and heat-resistant animals is critical and warrants future research. This review not only sheds light on metabolic perspectives of heat stress and resistance but also heat mitigation strategies to support the resilience of lactating dairy cows during global warming.
AGR 2 - The potential of hemp by-products as a protein source in cattle diets: A comprehensive review
First Author
Happiness Ajayi
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Oluwaseun Odunfa
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Anjan Dhungana
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Yun Jiang
Kentucky State University
Researching new and underused alternative feed resources like hemp by-products is crucial for sustainability of livestock industries. Hemp byproducts, such as hemp seed (HS), hempseed oil (HSO), hempseed cake (HSC) and hempseed meal (HSM), have been examined for their impact on animal performance and methane emissions. Adding HSO to the diet of dairy goats improved energy-corrected milk, fat and protein corrected milk and fat yield compared to non-supplemented group. Feeding HSC as a protein supplement in young calves and dairy cows had a positive effect on feed intake. Supplementation of HSC in finishing steers improved nitrogen retention, ruminal concentrations of total amino acid, volatile fatty acids and, and apparent ruminal digestibility of organic matter, compared to steers supplemented with dried corn distillers' grains. Cattle supplemented with HSM (30g) compared to group receiving commercial concentrate showed improved rumination behavior, reproductive, immune and antioxidant function. Weaned beef cattle supplemented with hemp (cannabis sativa) at a dosage of 20/200 mg of the concentrate, showed improvement in thermoregulation, respiratory efficiency, cardiac function, and weaning behavior compared to non-supplemented cattle. In addition, in-vitro studies on dairy goats showed that HS reduced methane production by 18% compared to non-supplemented control, which was more effective than linseed supplementation (only 10% methane reduction). Despite numerous methane mitigation strategies that have been researched, more studies are needed to understand the efficacy of hemp by-products on beef cattle feed efficiency and methane production.
AGR 4 - Use of feed additives to mitigate methane emission from ruminants
First Author
Anjan Dhungana
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Oluwaseun Odunfa
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Thomas Webster
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Changzheng Wang
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Yun Jiang
Kentucky State University
With the rising population and increased agricultural and industrial activities, emissions of greenhouse gases like CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide have grown in recent years. Methane is 28 times more potent than CO2 in terms of 100-year global warming potential. Ruminant methanogenesis represents a dietary energy loss of 2-12% and accounts for around 30% of the global anthropogenic methane emission. Previously explored methods to mitigate enteric methanogenesis include but are not limited to vaccination, genetic selection, breeding, defaunation (removal of rumen protozoa), and the use of feed additives. Among these, feed additives are practical and cost-effective due to their ease of use and accessibility to farmers. Feed additives like red algae contain bromoform and can have toxicological effects, and the long-term use of antibiotics like monensin can raise concerns about antibiotic resistance. Similarly, tannins and flavonoids can reduce enteric methanogenesis but lower ruminal efficiency. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP), a postbiotic feed additive, has been reported to positively affect cattle performance. In addition, SCFP was associated with decreased enteric methane emissions without affecting animal performance, though inconsistent results on methanogenesis were also reported. In summary, although feed additives such as red algae, monensin, tannins, and flavonoids were shown to reduce enteric methanogenesis, issues like toxicity, reduced nutrient digestibility, reduced feed intake, and decreased milk yield have prevented their use on a large scale. Therefore, more studies are needed to examine SCFP for its potential to reduce methane emissions while improving the production performance of beef cattle.
AGR 12 - Water loss from deboned Asian carp meat during dehydration
First Author
Changzheng Wang
Kentucky State University
Deboned Asian carp meat may be made into fish jerky products for human consumption. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of additives and dehydration time on the weight loss from deboned Asian carp meat. Asian carp harvested from Lake Barkley was deboned through a 3mm drum and frozen at -20 0C. The meat were thawed in a refrigerator before it was mixed with either 1% salt (Treatment 1) or 1% of a commercial jerky cure containing sodium nitrite (Treatment 2). Then, the meat was filled into a manual jerky gun, which was squeezed directly onto drying trays of a food dehydrator to produce 4 mm thick and 5 cm wide strips (3 strips per treatment). The fish meat was dehydrated at 63 0C and the weight of the strips were measured every 30 minutes with the water activity determined at the end of the experiment. After nine hours of dehydration, the water loss was 75% and 60% of the initial fish meat weight with water activity of 0.56 and 0.73 for Treatment 1 and Treatment 2, respectively. These results suggest that water loss was fast initially but tended to plateau after 400 min of dehydration. Addition of curing salt slowed water loss from the fish meat.
CAP1 - Predicting the Reactions of CS2, OCS, and CO2 with Group IV and Group VI Transition Metal Oxides
First Author
Marissa Blair
Morehead State University
Co-author
Zachary Lee
Morehead State University
Co-author
David Dixon
University Of Alabama
Building on a recent serious of high level electronic structure studies of Lewis acid gas reactions
with metal oxide sorbents, DFT (B3LYP and ωB97X-D) and CCSD(T) methods are being used to
predict the Lewis acid-base addition (physisorption) and formation of metal oxide
carbonate/thiocarbonate formation (chemisorption) reactions of CS2, OCS, and CO2 of CS2, OCS,
and CO2 with Group IV (MO2)n and Group VI (MO3)n (n = 1 - 3) nanoclusters. For the Group IV
oxides, chemisorption to form terminal carbonates and thiocarbonates is predicted to be the most
favored, with thiocarbonate ligand binding energies slightly more exothermic than their carbonate
analogues, consistent with the small differences in the CS2C=S (105 kcal/mol) and CO2C=O (127
kcal/mol) bond energies. For Group VI, only weak physisorption (< 10 kcal/mol exothermic) is
predicted to occur for CO2, CS2, and OCS. These results are consistent with our previous studies
of CO2, NO2, SO2, and H2O adsorption to Group IV and Group VI metal oxide clusters. The results
of this work could have implications for the sequestration of CS2 from high-sulfur areas of arctic
permafrost and also provides mechanistic insights into the possible reactions and products of OCS and CS2-induced TiO2 degradation during the Claus Process.
with metal oxide sorbents, DFT (B3LYP and ωB97X-D) and CCSD(T) methods are being used to
predict the Lewis acid-base addition (physisorption) and formation of metal oxide
carbonate/thiocarbonate formation (chemisorption) reactions of CS2, OCS, and CO2 of CS2, OCS,
and CO2 with Group IV (MO2)n and Group VI (MO3)n (n = 1 - 3) nanoclusters. For the Group IV
oxides, chemisorption to form terminal carbonates and thiocarbonates is predicted to be the most
favored, with thiocarbonate ligand binding energies slightly more exothermic than their carbonate
analogues, consistent with the small differences in the CS2C=S (105 kcal/mol) and CO2C=O (127
kcal/mol) bond energies. For Group VI, only weak physisorption (< 10 kcal/mol exothermic) is
predicted to occur for CO2, CS2, and OCS. These results are consistent with our previous studies
of CO2, NO2, SO2, and H2O adsorption to Group IV and Group VI metal oxide clusters. The results
of this work could have implications for the sequestration of CS2 from high-sulfur areas of arctic
permafrost and also provides mechanistic insights into the possible reactions and products of OCS and CS2-induced TiO2 degradation during the Claus Process.
CAP2 - Determination of the structure and properties of transition metal doped silicon clusters
First Author
Jonathan Lyon
Murray State University
Co-author
Madison Winkeler
Murray State University
Co-author
Ciara Richardson
Murray State University
Co-author
Ryan Carlin
Murray State University
Atomic clusters are conveniently used as models for the active sites in heterogeneous catalysis and materials chemistry. In this size region, cluster structures, and consequently properties, can change drastically with the addition of a single atom, by changing charge state, or by doping with different elements [1]. Theoretically, our primarily undergraduate research group utilize global optimization techniques to search for low energy candidate geometric isomers of small clusters containing 2-25 atoms. Subsequently, we perform high level calculations (e.g., double hybrid DFT) to explore the unique properties of silicon clusters doped with multiple transition metal atoms. Natural Bond Orbital analysis allows for a detailed understanding of the clusters' electronic structure. Of particular interest presented here is the size where a structural transition from exohedral to endoheral binding of palladium atoms in doped silicon clusters occurs. We also make note of the differences between dopant atom types and concentrations, cluster growth patterns, and the unique structures found for these strongly bound doped clusters. Ongoing experimental spectroscopic endeavors and future directions will also be briefly presented.
[1] J. T. Lyon 'Building Blocks: Investigating the Structures, Properties, and Reactivity of Strongly Bound Atomic Clusters at a PUI' in Physical Chemistry Research at Undergraduate Institutions, vol. 2, Hopkins, T. and Parish, C. A., Eds. ACS Books (2022) 165-179.
[1] J. T. Lyon 'Building Blocks: Investigating the Structures, Properties, and Reactivity of Strongly Bound Atomic Clusters at a PUI' in Physical Chemistry Research at Undergraduate Institutions, vol. 2, Hopkins, T. and Parish, C. A., Eds. ACS Books (2022) 165-179.
CAP3 - HPLC Analysis of E-Liquids
First Author
Alyssa Roark
Morehead State University
Co-author
Charlotte Gabbard
Morehead State University
Co-author
Emmalou Schmittzehe
Morehead State University
Electronic cigarettes are one of the most commonly used methods of nicotine delivery, especially among the adolescent population. Due to the lack of regulation in manufacturer labeling of refillable nicotine solutions (e-liquids), the actual concentration of nicotine and other additives have been found to be variable as compared to the reported values. The misrepresentation of nicotine content is a contributor in the development of nicotine dependency and potentially tobacco product dependency. In this research, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) experiments were modeled from published methods for quantifying nicotine in e-liquids. Experimentation with different solvent systems has also been done. Standard samples were used to validate the methods for quantifying nicotine levels. The validated methods were used to quantify the nicotine contained in various e-liquid samples and compare them to their reported nicotine levels.
CAP4 - Predicting the Mechanism and Products of CS2 Capture by NH3 – An Exemplar Benchmark Study
First Author
Shelbie Black
Morehead State University
Co-author
David Dixon
The University of Alabama
Co-author
Zachary Lee
Morehead State University
Preliminary electronic structure calculations, mainly density functional theory (DFT) and the correlated molecular-orbital (MO) methods of MP2 and G3(MP2), have been performed in order to study the reactions of CS2 with NH3 and H2O in the gas phase and to determine the plausibility and kinetics of thiocarbonic acid, thiobicarbonate, thiocarbamic acid, and thiocarbamate from the possible sequestration processes of CS2 by amines. An implicit self-consistent reaction field aqueous solvation approach (COSMO) was applied to the gas phase pathways to provide insight into these CS2 reactions in aqueous and humid atmospheric environments. The higher-level G3(MP2) calculations will eventually be benchmarked at the CCSD(T)/CBS level in collaboration with the University of Alabama. The results collected throughout this project and following studies may provide significant implications for CS2 capture by amines in both the gas phase and aqueous solution as well as in the solid state, analogous to amine capture of CO2 mechanisms recently established by the respective Dixon and Lee research groups. These mechanisms of CS2 sequestration may have serious environmental implications for the development of CS2 scrubbing techniques for industrial CS2 emissions as well as significant atmospheric and astrochemical relevance as it pertains to the possible formation of thiocarbonates and thiocarbamates in areas of high organosulfur content, such as Earth's permafrost or the atmospheres of Venus and Saturn's largest moon Titan.
CAP5 - Photophysical and photochemical studies of equilin
First Author
August Bozarth
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Patrick Hare
Northern Kentucky University
The natural estrogen estrone has been found in many waterways and has proven both damaging to wildlife and difficult to remove. A better understanding of the photochemical pathways of this molecule can give insight into possible remediation strategies. Equilin is structurally similar to estrone, so its photophysics and photochemistry were studied to better understand estrone. Equilin's absorption and fluorescence spectra are largely the same as estrone's, but with a higher fluorescence quantum yield, lower 410 nm emission, and different lifetimes. Equilin's UV photodegradation rate was found to be slower than estrone's in all solvents. The most notable photoproducts identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry are similar to estrone's but with different relative yields. Structure-based conclusions about estrone and equilin, particularly the importance of the planarity of the molecule for photodegradation and emission at 410 nm, provide useful insight into photodegradation as a tool for removal of estrone from water.
CAP6 - Dissolved Calcium Concentrations in Streams and Lake Waters in Western Kentucky- An Update
First Author
Amanda Peiffer
Murray State University
Co-author
Jeremiah Coughlon
Murray State University
Co-author
Bommanna Loganathan
Murray State University
Dissolved calcium levels in freshwater ecosystems are of growing concern as increasing
concentrations have been implicated in altering environmental conditions and biodiversity. Zebra
mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are an exotic and invasive mollusk that are known for their
'biofouling' capabilities costing billions of dollars in their removal from industrial, public, and
power plant water supply lines. Calcium is one of the essential elements that contributes to the
growth and reproduction of zebra mussels. Calcium concentrations of 25-28 mg/L are considered
the threshold for survival and reproduction of zebra mussels. The purpose of this study was to
determine if dissolved calcium levels in the lower parts of Kentucky Lake had increased and
reached zebra mussels survival and reproduction threshold. Surface and bottom water samples
were collected during Kentucky Lake Monitoring Program (KLMP) cruises as well as from two
tributary streams. Samples were filtered using 0.45 µm filters, acidified and analyzed for calcium
using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Calcium levels and long-term monitoring data on
chloride levels in Kentucky Lake were examined for temporal trends. Results revealed that
relatively higher concentration of dissolved calcium was found in Kentucky Lake channel sites
than from embayment and streams. In general calcium levels show seasonal variation with
increasing concentration during winter and early spring months. Increasing levels of these
calcium ions may play a role in the elevated occurrences of zebra mussels in Kentucky Lake.
concentrations have been implicated in altering environmental conditions and biodiversity. Zebra
mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are an exotic and invasive mollusk that are known for their
'biofouling' capabilities costing billions of dollars in their removal from industrial, public, and
power plant water supply lines. Calcium is one of the essential elements that contributes to the
growth and reproduction of zebra mussels. Calcium concentrations of 25-28 mg/L are considered
the threshold for survival and reproduction of zebra mussels. The purpose of this study was to
determine if dissolved calcium levels in the lower parts of Kentucky Lake had increased and
reached zebra mussels survival and reproduction threshold. Surface and bottom water samples
were collected during Kentucky Lake Monitoring Program (KLMP) cruises as well as from two
tributary streams. Samples were filtered using 0.45 µm filters, acidified and analyzed for calcium
using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Calcium levels and long-term monitoring data on
chloride levels in Kentucky Lake were examined for temporal trends. Results revealed that
relatively higher concentration of dissolved calcium was found in Kentucky Lake channel sites
than from embayment and streams. In general calcium levels show seasonal variation with
increasing concentration during winter and early spring months. Increasing levels of these
calcium ions may play a role in the elevated occurrences of zebra mussels in Kentucky Lake.
CAP7 - Determining the Labeling Accuracy of Nicotine Content Across U.S. E-Cigarette Manufacturers Using HPLC Method
First Author
Josephine Traver
Morehead State University
The popularity of nicotine usage, especially among adolescents, is increasing. However, studies have shown that the labeling of nicotine content on e-cigarette products is often inaccurate. Some products contain higher levels of nicotine than stated on the label, while others have lower levels. Due to the lack of FDA regulation on e-cigarette products, manufacturers in the U.S. are not held accountable for accurately disclosing nicotine content. This project aims to investigate whether the nicotine levels reported on e-cigarette labels align with experimental findings. Implementing regulation in this area can enhance trust between e-cigarette users and U.S. manufacturers.
CAP8 - Determination of Anion Gap using Pulsed Chronopotentiometry
First Author
Olivia Neal
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Kebede Gemene
Northern Kentucky University
Serious health conditions can result from an acid/base imbalance of blood. Acidosis is the result of blood that is too acidic, while alkalosis is diagnosed when the blood is too basic. These conditions are determined by measurement of Anion Gap: Total measurable anions subtracted from total measurable cations.
AG = ([Na+] + [K+]) – ([Cl-] + [HCO3-])
Anion Gap is currently calculated by using results of tests that measure cations and anions separately, causing the results to be prone to error. This research presents a method that directly measures the total cations and anions in a sample simultaneously using Pulsed Chronopotentiometry.
AG = ([Na+] + [K+]) – ([Cl-] + [HCO3-])
Anion Gap is currently calculated by using results of tests that measure cations and anions separately, causing the results to be prone to error. This research presents a method that directly measures the total cations and anions in a sample simultaneously using Pulsed Chronopotentiometry.
CAP9 - Absorption of Water Contaminates using Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
First Author
Bryce Rosenbarker
Berea College
Co-author
Keisha Walters
University of Arkansas
Co-author
Olufemi Ogunjimi
University of Arkansas
Water is the most important resource on the planet Earth and water contamination is an always present concern. A potential new material that may be an effective option in removing water contamination are functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. In this project, the absorption behavior of Cu (II) and Methyl orange by (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-Glutaraldehyde functionalized nanoparticles was studied. The nanoparticles were produced using an improved chemical co-precipitation method. Afterward, the nanoparticles were functionalized and batch absorption studies were preformed. APTES-GA proved most promising at the removal of both copper (II) ions and methyl orange with a baseline removal of 18.2 percent and 77.4 percent respectively. Unmodified nanoparticles had a removal percent of 8.7 removal of copper and 44.7 percent for methyl orange. Finally the APTES modified nanoparticles had a removal efficiency of 15 percent for copper and 64 percent for methyl orange.
CAP10 - Vibrational Analysis Through Finite Difference
First Author
Joshua Shockey
Ohio State University
Co-author
Dustin Broderick
Ohio State University
Co-author
John Herbert
Ohio State University
The calculation of large systems are resource intensive, with methods exponentially demanding memory by five to seven powers on the system size. This creates a difficulty in calculating large systems; however, fragmentation takes the calculation and splits it up among different interactive groupings to linearize the memory demand. Fragmentation is limited on the size due to computational time which significantly increases with the level of theory or system size. To analyze hundred atom and higher systems, applying the finite difference will be used to avoid extensive and costly calculations by approximating the next derivative. This will increase the degree at which a system can be estimated without becoming prohibitively costly.
CAP11 - Computational investigation of 4-aryl-1,2,3-triazoles that exhibit J-5 coupling
First Author
Gabe Wheatcroft
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Saige Bradley
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
August Bozarth
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Patrick Hare
Northern Kentucky University
J-coupling involves indirect interaction between atoms' nuclei. It is a relatively weak but noticeable interaction that affects through-bond interactions. This is relevant especially to NMR spectroscopy, where J-coupling can provide important information about bond distances, angles, and properties. A series of 4-aryl-1,2,3-triazoles synthesized by Dr. Robert Kempton and the Onorato research group exhibit the signs of J-5 coupling if the fluorine is in the ortho position of the ring, but not the meta or para positions. Computational chemistry was used to find the lowest energy structures of all the molecules and their barriers to rotation about the central bond in the J-5 coupling. The structures are all bent, while the triazole and the fluorine-containing ring are planar. H-F distances in the ortho compounds were all less than the van der Waals radii of the atoms, leading to efficient coupling.
ENG 5 - Development of an Autonomous Omnidirectional Robot for Indoor Navigation
First Author
Vu Tran
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Shariqa Tayabee
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Mahdi Yazdanpour
Northern Kentucky University
The rapid advancements in robotics and artificial intelligence have paved the way for the development of autonomous systems with remarkable capabilities. In this research, we present the design, development, and implementation of an autonomous omnidirectional robot. The primary objective of this project is to create a versatile and agile robot capable of navigating complex environments efficiently and autonomously. The robot's design features a mechanical base equipped with four omnidirectional Mecanum wheels, four DC motors, a motor driver, a microcontroller-based control system, an artificial intelligence (AI) vision sensor, an infrared module, and an ultrasonic sensor. The Mecanum drive system employs wheels with rollers obliquely attached to their circumference, positioned at 45° to the wheel plane and 45° to the axle line. This unique arrangement enables the robot to move effortlessly in multiple directions, including forward, backward, sideways, diagonally, and rotation. Moreover, the robot incorporates a fully automated autonomous driving system capable of environment sensing, obstacle detection, and independent operation without human intervention.
ENG 3 - Development of cost optimization tool for Smart Integrated Renewable Energy System (SIRES)
First Author
Tuyet Do
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Andrea Cardenas
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Zeel Maheshwari
Northern Kentucky University
Renewable energy sources are a promising solution to the problems of pollution and energy poverty in rural areas. While current approaches primarily focus on providing electricity, the Smart Integrated Renewable Energy System (SIRES) takes a holistic approach by also addressing fundamental needs such as cooking facilities and domestic water supply, in addition to electricity provision. This research employs a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the cost-effectiveness of SIRES components while ensuring they fulfill the basic energy requirements of rural populations. GA includes two main parts: hard constraint - the requirements of loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and loss of water supply probability (LWSP), soft constraint – the cost function that we strive to minimize to get the best solution. Costs considered in this approach include the initial cost, maintenance cost, and replacement cost over 25 years. When all the data is collected, GA is implemented using DEAP (Distributed Evolutionary Algorithms) in Python. Methodology involves creating a fitness function to find the minimum cost, building equations of LPSP and LWSP. This research aims to present the calculated findings in an easily accessible way for different communities worldwide. By showcasing the information through a website that can be accessed through any device with an internet connection and allowing the user to select and input information pertinent to their community and situation, this research provides valuable, personalized data to determine how much funding is needed to help these communities transition to renewable energy.
ENG 1 - Development of cost optimization tool for Smart Integrated Renewable Energy System (SIRES)
First Author
Andrea Cardenas
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Tuyet Do
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Zeel Maheshwari
Northern Kentucky University
Renewable energy sources are a promising solution to the problems of pollution and energy poverty in rural areas. While current approaches primarily focus on providing electricity, the Smart Integrated Renewable Energy System (SIRES) takes a holistic approach by also addressing fundamental needs such as cooking facilities and domestic water supply, in addition to electricity provision. This research employs a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the cost-effectiveness of SIRES components while ensuring they fulfill the basic energy requirements of rural populations. GA includes two main parts: hard constraint - the requirements of loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and loss of water supply probability (LWSP), soft constraint – the cost function that we strive to minimize to get the best solution. Costs considered in this approach include the initial cost, maintenance cost, and replacement cost over 25 years. When all the data is collected, GA is implemented using DEAP (Distributed Evolutionary Algorithms) in Python. Methodology involves creating a fitness function to find the minimum cost, building equations of LPSP and LWSP. This research aims to present the calculated findings in an easily accessible way for different communities worldwide. By showcasing the information through a website that can be accessed through any device with an internet connection and allowing the user to select and input information pertinent to their community and situation, this research provides valuable, personalized data to determine how much funding is needed to help these communities transition to renewable energy.
WITHDRAWN - Innovations in Safety: The Smart Hard Hat Revolution
First Author
Tyler Dedden
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Dalton Howell
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Mahdi Yazdanpour
Northern Kentucky University
Safety and accessibility are paramount concerns in modern workplaces, particularly in environments where employees face potential hazards to their head, such as falling objects or electrical hazards. This project aims to revolutionize personal protective equipment, specifically head protection, by enhancing the capabilities of traditional hard hats. While smart hard hats already exist in the market, our endeavor seeks to refine existing features and introduce innovative technologies to improve safety and accessibility for wearers while simultaneously providing critical incident data for supervisors and managers.
The objectives of this project involve building upon the foundation of existing smart hard hats by incorporating key features, including GPS tracking, an SOS/distress signal button, and a force monitor. These features will be augmented by the integration of a comprehensive database system designed to store information related to workplace incidents. Real-time alerts will be implemented to notify supervisors and managers promptly when incidents occur. Additionally, a camera system will be embedded within the helmet to capture crucial footage when the force monitor or distress signal is activated.
The anticipated outcomes of this project are multifaceted. By leveraging both existing and novel technologies, our aim is to create a superior product that enhances safety and accessibility for the wearer. Simultaneously, we intend to empower companies with a valuable tool for incident management and prevention. This innovative smart hard hat will not only protect workers but also serve as a powerful asset in optimizing workplace safety protocols and incident response strategies.
The objectives of this project involve building upon the foundation of existing smart hard hats by incorporating key features, including GPS tracking, an SOS/distress signal button, and a force monitor. These features will be augmented by the integration of a comprehensive database system designed to store information related to workplace incidents. Real-time alerts will be implemented to notify supervisors and managers promptly when incidents occur. Additionally, a camera system will be embedded within the helmet to capture crucial footage when the force monitor or distress signal is activated.
The anticipated outcomes of this project are multifaceted. By leveraging both existing and novel technologies, our aim is to create a superior product that enhances safety and accessibility for the wearer. Simultaneously, we intend to empower companies with a valuable tool for incident management and prevention. This innovative smart hard hat will not only protect workers but also serve as a powerful asset in optimizing workplace safety protocols and incident response strategies.
ENG 2 - Mechanical Characterization and Modeling of AA2024-T3 Aerospace Aluminum Alloy
First Author
Tanner Castleberry
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Madhav Baral
University of Kentucky
Aluminum alloys are widely used in aerospace manufacturing due to their attractive mechanical and fracture properties. One of the most used alloys in aerospace is AA2024 aluminum alloy. Due to its excellent mechanical properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent fatigue resistance, AA2024 has a great potential for extensive use in spacecraft structures for NASA missions and aerospace applications. In this study, mechanical behavior of AA2024-T3 aluminum alloy is characterized using experiments and analysis. The characterization includes mechanical testing employing both uniaxial and multiaxial responses in tension and compression along several material orientations. Based on the experimental findings, a constitutive model is adopted that can describe the anisotropic material response to various mechanical loading conditions. The effectiveness of a constitutive model plays a key role in the predictive capabilities of numerical simulations of structures. The findings from this study are expected to enhance the understanding of material behavior of this alloy, and aid in the design and optimization of parts and components for aerospace applications.
ENG 4 - Predicting and modeling the anisotropic properties of 3D printed parts for use in specialized implants and prostheses.
First Author
Kerrigan McManus
Murray State University
The use of 3D printing in customized implants and prostheses has seen an increase due to its ability to produce specialized parts compared to traditional methods such as autoclave molding or injection molding. These traditional methods are complicated, and often demand expensive molds and high labor costs. 3D printing on the other hand, consists of designing a part with a computer-aided design (CAD) model and converting it into a stereolithography (STL) file. This STL file is then created into a set of digital instructions for a 3D printer to follow. The 3D printer then heats up a bulk polymer based material into liquid and is extruded through a nozzle onto a build platform. There is no mold or specialized equipment besides the printer itself. Recently, 3D printing has been used for fabricating composites as it is an automated manufacturing process with high design flexibility but it has a major drawback when compared to more costly manufacturing methods. The 3D printed part inherently has unpredictable anisotropic mechanical properties that make designing
structural parts difficult. There currently is not a universally accepted method to predict how strong an engineering part is before 3D printing it.
structural parts difficult. There currently is not a universally accepted method to predict how strong an engineering part is before 3D printing it.
GEOG 1 - Wildfire and invaders: Burn severity and invasive species dynamics in eastern deciduous forests
First Author
Suraj Upadhaya
Kentucky State University
Eastern deciduous forests in the US experience wildland fire events at varying frequencies, intensities, and burn severities, both within and outside a management context. The occurrence of a wildfire that burned 673.8 ha in fall 2010 in the Daniel Boone National Forest (DBNF), Kentucky, provided a rare opportunity for research into the use of remotely sensed data for assessing burn severity and ecological effects of wildfires. We used differenced normalized burn ratio (∆NBR), derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery to assess the severity of the Fish Trap fire (FTF) in the DBNF. We categorized burn severity into four levels: unburned (<56), low severity (56-105), moderate (105-312), and high severity (>312), with 70% agreement with a field measurement. We also examined the relationship between the presence of a non-native invasive species, Paulownia tomentosa, which exhibited rapid spread across the burned area, and our assessment of burn severity. Out of 664 total pixels surveyed for paulownia, 12.9% were burned with high severity and had the highest occurrence of paulownia with 69.4% of total recorded stems. Burn severity and density of paulownia stems were weakly but significantly related (adj. R2 = 0.13, p<0.0001). Results show that data from Landsat imagery have great potential for quantifying burn severity in the eastern deciduous forest. Further, our results demonstrate that the ability to readily identify areas of high burn severity may enhance the capacity for finding and eradicating invading species, such as paulownia.
HTH 1 - Assessment of the Neuromuscular and Motor Coordination of Female Mice in Response to Acute Sleep Fragmentation
First Author
Tobi Akangbe
Gatton Academy of Mathematics and Science
Co-author
Van Thuan Nguyen
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Noah Ashley
Western Kentucky University
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder characterized by recurring events of throat muscle collapsing, blocking the airway during sleep, intermittent hypoxia, and perturbations in sleep continuity, known as sleep fragmentation (SF). The goal of this experiment is to analyze the effect of acute sleep fragmentation (ASF) on motor coordination of female mice. Our hypothesis is that ASF will diminish motor coordination as assessed using the rotarod test, which is a proxy for neuromuscular control and coordination of cerebellar motor coordination. C57BL/6J adult female mice were subjected to 24 hours of ASF using an automated sleep fragmentation chamber or no sleep fragmentation (NSF). Mice were assessed before and after ASF or NSF using a paired design. Mice were exposed to a rotarod apparatus. This device consists of a rotating cylinder that the mouse must continuously walk forward on to keep from falling off the cylinder. The following values were measured: latency to drop (s), drop speed (rpm) and distance (m). Contrary to our hypothesis, both ASF and NSF mice exhibited an increased latency and distance traveled after treatment. However, the drop speed in NSF mice increased while there was no significant difference in drop speed in ASF mice after SF vs. before SF. This study provides mixed evidence that acute sleep fragmentation alters motor coordination in female mice. Future studies show assess the effect of chronic effects of sleep fragmentation that are more representative of mimicking OSA, as well as investigating effects on male mice.
HTH 14 - Cellular Senescence in Peripheral Tissue after Spinal Cord Injury
First Author
Tanisha Valdez
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Benjamin Rood
University of Louisville
Co-author
Lukasz Slomnicki
University of Louisville
Co-author
Yonglin Gao
University of Louisville
Co-author
Mason Miller
University of Louisville
Co-author
Kariena Andres
University of Louisville
Co-author
Scott Whittemore
University of Louisville
Co-author
Michal Hetman
University of Louisville
Cellular senescence is the phenomenon in which cells undergo permanent cell cycle arrest and is caused by natural aging or pathological mechanisms. Depending on the physiological context, pathological senescence can potentially be implicated in chronic inflammation but may also have a role in promoting tissue repair. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a whole-body injury, in which patients with SCI often experience complications in organ systems outside of the CNS. Our recent data has shown that senescence can develop in the spinal cord after SCI but the extent that senescence contributes to dysfunctions of peripheral tissues remains unclear. This study sought to examine the presence of senescent cells after a moderate contusive SCI (50 kdyn, IH, T9) in peripheral tissues of C57Bl6 and P16-3MR transgenic mice. Transcript levels for two widely used cell senescence markers (p16/Cdkn2a and p21/Cdkn1a) were evaluated in spinal cord, cortex, liver, and spleen. The data showed that the senescent markers p16 and mRFP were elevated transiently in the liver at 7 days post injury. In spleen, mRFP showed a trend (p=0.057) but not significance. In the cortex, there was no significance after SCI. Furthermore, across all groups, senescence markers were elevated over time. This data indicates that SCI may have a transient effect in peripheral tissues after 7 days but does not have a long lasting senescence response up to 60 days after injury.
HTH 13 - Central Kentuckians' Perceptions on the Role of Nutrition in Chronic Disease Prevention
First Author
Mark Tilford
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Cora Teets
Kentucky State University
This quantitative study examined Central Kentuckian's perceptions of the role of nutrition in preventing diet-related chronic disease. Survey data was collected from more than 200 individuals from a variety of audiences throughout the Commonwealth of Kentucky including university students and staff, farmers market attendees, and other community members. Results indicated that more than 80% of respondents believed that nutrition is important in the prevention of diet-related chronic disease risk. Although more than 25% of respondents had been diagnosed with chronic disease, more than 40% demonstrated chronic disease risk factors. The results of this study explore perspectives on topics such as dietary behaviors, food access, sources of nutrition information, and physical activity. There is a high prevalence of chronic disease in Kentucky, however, there is a limited amount of research evaluating community members' perceptions of nutrition and chronic disease. This information can be used by nutrition education programs to design programs to reduce the prevalence of diet-related chronic diseases throughout Central Kentucky.
HTH 9 - Cluster Analysis of Optical Recordings Identifies Networks in the Brain that Mediate Suckle and Swallow
First Author
Samuel Maison
KY INBRE
Co-author
Nick Mellen
UofL
This project utilizes newborn mice to elucidate how heterogenous networks in the brain stem generate suckle, swallow, and breathe (referred to as aerodigestive behaviors). Swallow is generated by the Dorsal Swallow Group (DSG), and the Ventral Swallow Group (VSG), which includes the nucleus ambiguus (NA), subdivided into the semi-compact, the compact and the loose divisions (scNA, cNA, lNA respectively), Networks that regulate breathing include the Post inspiratory complex (PiCo), the pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BotC) and the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG). All these structures are exposed at the sagittal face of the isolated brain stem preparation used in these experiments. The coordination of swallow and breath is highly conserved across the vertebrate lineage. Both behaviors can be evoked in this preparation: breathing is detected as rhythmic (~ 0.2 Hz) motor output recorded from cervical ventral root 4 (C4) and hypoglossal nerve (XIIn); swallow is detected as an evoked mid-expiratory burst at XIIn, with no activity at C4. Thus, this mouse model system can be used to characterize network dysregulation that may account for feeding difficulties observed in children suffering from neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). We use mutant mice expressing the genetically-encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6F in all cells, enabling optical recording of heterogeneous brain stem networks. Fictive swallow is evoked by stimulation to DSG via bipolar electrode (Pt:Ir, 0.1MΩ, 125 μm tip separation, MicroProbes) via a train of stimuli (6V, 20 Hz, 800 ms) triggered off every 10th inspiratory burst. In addition, a tiled image of the exposed sagittal face is compiled, enabling alignment of machine-vision generated regions of interest (ROI) from fresh tissue onto photomicrographs of the same tissue, following immunohistochemical processing. Our data will illustrate the feasibility of using machine learning to pull out different respiratory and swallow modulated subgroups. In this project we developed the workflow linking optical recording in fresh tissue, machine vision extraction of somatic Ca2+ transients, detection of functional-anatomical groups using k-means clustering, and immunohistochemistry to taxonomize group constituents based on receptor/transcription factor/transmitter expression.
HTH 11 - Codon-Optimized Vaccines for Hepatitis C Virus
First Author
Taylor Peach
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Jessica Bryndal
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Jorggedyg Castillo-Perez
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Phat Nguyen
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Joseph Mester
Northern Kentucky University
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne pathogen that causes life-threatening liver failure and carcinoma. Infection by HCV is frequently life-long and asymptomatic for long periods, setting the stage for silent transmission to unsuspecting hosts. Fifty-eight million people worldwide are chronically infected by HCV, and there is no currently available vaccine. We are developing novel DNA-based vaccines for HCV targeting the three structural proteins of the virus: Core, Envelope 1, and Envelope 2 (C, E1, and E2). Codon-optimized genes for HCV C, E1, and E2 were cloned into plasmid expression vectors and a non-replicating vaccine vector based on herpes simplex virus (HSV). The goal of this project was to examine the expression and immunogenicity of the HCV targets in human monocytes (U937 cells) after either transfection by the plasmid vectors or infection by the HSV vectors. High-level expression of the HCV targets was verified in U937 cells after exposure to the vaccines. Inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-1 beta and GM-CSF were induced in equivalent amounts by all target formats. Anti-viral Interferon-beta and chemokine CXCL-10 responses were highest in response to natural viral DNA sequences in the HSV vector. Ongoing experiments are examining protein expression levels by the different vaccine targets. This data will indicate the optimum coding format for our novel HCV vaccines, that may one day be used around the world to prevent infection by HCV.
HTH 2 - Cytotoxicity of Anthracycline, DNA Topoisomerase 2 Inhibitors, in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
First Author
McKenzie Bagwell
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Logan Williams
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Emma Blank
Campbellsville University
Co-author
William Mackay
Campbellsville University
For more than forty years, anthracyclines (daunomycin, adriamycin, idarubicin, and epirubicin) have represented one of the most commonly used drug classes of anticancer drugs. It is known that anthracycline interact with DNA in a very complex manner. The major anthracycline antitumor function is thought to be accompanied by an inhibition of DNA Topoisomerase 2 activity. Studies in our lab have shown that anthracycline are mutagenic and cytotoxic in bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli), and can induce intrachromosomal recombination events in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The objective of this study is to accurately access the vital role of DNA type 2 Topoisomerases in the presence of Anthracyclines compounds. Wild type as well as gyrA and gyrB mutant E. Coli cells were exposed to Adriamycin and cell viabilities were determined for all strains. Experiments indicate that anthracyclines have an effect on cell viability in mutant parC cells. Additional parC alleles are currently being tested for lethality and these results will be discussed regarding the role of bacterial topoisomerases in the presence of these anticancer drugs.
HTH 15 - Early Assessment of Autism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Analysis with Machine Learning Application
First Author
Kate Weafer
KY INBRE
Co-author
Mohamed Khudri
University of Louisville
Co-author
Mostafa Abdelrahim
University of Louisville
Co-author
Mohamed Shehata
University of Louisville
Co-author
Ayman El-Baz
University of Louisville
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interactions and linguistic communication with repetitive restrictive behavior. The exact etiology of autism remains unknown, but studies suggest influences of varying factors, such as genetics and environment, along with abnormal connectivity in neuronal development. Progressions in machine learning and neuroimaging techniques may assist in ASD detection and diagnosis accuracy. This work proposes to establish an artificial diagnostic system, using Diffusion Tensor-MRI (DT-MRI), to extract markers relating to brain connectivity to refine accurate diagnosis of autism at early stages. First, distortions from eddy currents were corrected utilizing FSL, while additionally isolating brain tissues. Using the Johns Hopkins White Matter Atlas, markers of connectivity were derived from varying brain regions. Markers were further recognized through MinmaxScalar and REC-CV feature reduction algorithms. A Linear Support Vector Machine (LSVM)-classifier determined the classification of subjects as control or ASD using the extracted features. Validation of this system was achieved through a five-fold cross-validation test present on the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange-II (ABIDE-II) dataset, composing of 226 subjects (126 autistic and 100 control). There was a resulting accuracy of 92 %, 90% sensitivity, and 90.5% specificity. This study highlights the importance of potential usage of DT-MRI in early diagnosis of ASD. Further, the extracted connectivity makers could aid in the deeper understanding of the development and mechanisms of ASD. Future studies should include testing the proposed three-step system with data from different sites, not solely on ABIDE-II. Further exploration of correlating more accurate ASD diagnosis with severity should also be determined.
HTH 7 - Exploration of EMG Analysis Techniques to Characterize Respiratory Muscle Activity in Individuals w/ Spinal Cord Injury
First Author
Jillian Hood
University of California, Los Angeles
Co-author
Andrea Willhite
Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
Co-author
Harley Ledbetter
Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
Co-author
Ines Shekhovtsov
Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
Co-author
Alexander Ovechkin
Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center
The spectral analysis of electromyography (EMG) signals holds valuable insights into muscle activation patterns and neuromuscular adaptations. This dataset focuses on leveraging advanced signal processing techniques to explore EMG data in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) to advance towards the ultimate goal of optimizing neuromodulation for respiratory functional recovery.
The combination of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Root Mean Square (RMS) analysis, and Time Domain analysis offers a wide-reaching approach for unraveling the intricate time and frequency-domain characteristics of EMG signals. FFT analysis facilitates visual inspection of the frequency distribution within specific intervals, shedding light on dominant frequency bands associated with muscle contractions. RMS values add depth by quantifying the overall muscle activity and the distribution of such activity among specific muscles. Calculating total power, median frequency, and mean frequency enables identification of dynamic changes in muscle activation and adaptation.
The presented EMG-based techniques allow the evaluation of respiratory muscular function in individuals with SCI to uncover distinct spectral patterns. This multidimensional approach, aimed at predicting optimized neuromodulatory configurations for respiratory muscle activity, holds promise in enhancing our understanding of neuromuscular dynamics and contributes to the development of tailored rehabilitation strategies for patients with SCI and other neurological disorders.
The combination of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Root Mean Square (RMS) analysis, and Time Domain analysis offers a wide-reaching approach for unraveling the intricate time and frequency-domain characteristics of EMG signals. FFT analysis facilitates visual inspection of the frequency distribution within specific intervals, shedding light on dominant frequency bands associated with muscle contractions. RMS values add depth by quantifying the overall muscle activity and the distribution of such activity among specific muscles. Calculating total power, median frequency, and mean frequency enables identification of dynamic changes in muscle activation and adaptation.
The presented EMG-based techniques allow the evaluation of respiratory muscular function in individuals with SCI to uncover distinct spectral patterns. This multidimensional approach, aimed at predicting optimized neuromodulatory configurations for respiratory muscle activity, holds promise in enhancing our understanding of neuromuscular dynamics and contributes to the development of tailored rehabilitation strategies for patients with SCI and other neurological disorders.
HTH 6 - Gastrointestinal tone modulatory effects of fractions from 70% methanolic crude extract of fresh ginger
First Author
Muhammad Nabeel Ghayur
University of Pikeville
Co-author
Anwarul Hassan Gilani
Pakistan Academy of Sciences
Ginger or Zingiber officinale (Roscoe) rhizome is used globally in a variety of cuisines and as an herbal drug in ailments of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. In the past, we have reported the GI effects of a 70% methanolic crude extract of fresh ginger. In this investigation, we provide further details into the GI effects of various fractions of crude extract of fresh ginger. Fresh ginger rhizomes were soaked in 70 % methanol and the crude extract (Zo.Cr) was obtained. This extract was fractionated with different solvents in increasing orders of polarity thus resulting in petroleum spirit (Zo.Pt), chloroform (Zo.Cl), ethyl acetate (Zo.EtAc), and aqueous (Zo.Aq) fractions. These were tested on various isolated tissue preparations like rat stomach fundus, rabbit jejunum, and guinea-pig ileum. Zo.Pt showed an antispasmodic effect on jejunum baseline and on high K+-induced contractions indicating Ca2+ channel blocking (CCB) effect. No effect was seen on fundus baseline. Zo.Cl showed a stimulant (atropine-sensitive) followed by a relaxant effect (CCB type) in jejunum. Zo.EtAc showed a predominant stimulant effect in jejunum (cyproheptadine-sensitive) followed by a relaxant effect (CCB type) at the maximum dose (10 mg/ml). On fundus and ileum, stimulant effect was sensitive to atropine, partially and completely respectively. Zo.Aq showed only a stimulant effect in jejunum, fundus, and ileum. This was completely blocked by atropine in jejunum and ileum while partially in fundus. Results show a variety of pharmacological effects from the different ginger fractions including involvement of muscarinic, serotonergic receptors, and Ca2+ channels.
HTH 8 - Inhibition of NHE1 Reduces Self-Renewal in TALL LICs: Potential Mechanism by Mitochondrial Alterations
First Author
Joanne Jung
Asbury University
Co-author
Majd Al Hamaly
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Jessica Blackburn
University of Kentucky
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive malignancy of T-lymphocytes. Following relapse, the overall 5-year survival rate is 10% for adults and 36% for children. Relapse occurs from failure of cytotoxic chemotherapy to target the drug-resistant leukemia-initiating cells (LICs), which can replenish the cancer from just a single cell. Amiloride, an inhibitor of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger (NHE1), was previously found to be a top hit in the inhibition of LIC self-renewal and to alter mitochondrial respiration in human T-ALL cells. Building on these findings and on recent evidence highlighting the significance of mitochondrial metabolism in LIC self-renewal, this project investigated the effect of Amiloride on mitochondrial function. Another potent NHE1 inhibitor, 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)-Amiloride (HMA), was tested together to confirm the mitochondrial phenotype observed with Amiloride. Results showed that Amiloride and HMA treatments in in vitro colony formation assays reduced the self-renewal ability of T-ALL cells. Cell microscopy showed a significant decrease in the mitochondrial footprint and network branching of T-ALL cell mitochondria. In addition, quantitative PCR showed an increased expression of the mitochondrial stress genes PINK1, PARKIN, and NRF1 upon Amiloride and HMA treatment. Together, these results suggest that NHE1 plays an important role in mitochondrial stress. Further investigation is needed to understand the mechanism behind how these mitochondrial changes impact LIC metabolism and self-renewal. Future experiments include Western blotting to identify the protein pathways involved and the knockdown of the NHE1 gene using shRNA to observe its effect on self-renewal and mitochondrial function in human cells and zebrafish models.
HTH 10 - Olfactomedin1 and Olfactomedin2's Role in Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
First Author
Sally Pauss
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Terry Hinds
University of Kentucky
Olfactomedin1 (OLFM1) and Olfactomedin2 (OLFM2) are members of the Olfactomedin family of genes, whose roles are very poorly understood. OLFM1 is highly expressed in the brain and OLFM2 is highly expressed in brain, adipose, and liver. Previous literature found that OLFM2 is increased in the adipose of obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and that OLFM1 knockout prevented weight gain in high fat diet fed mice. This led us to examine the role of OLFMs in metabolism. Using fat pad and liver tissues from mice fed high fat diet and normal chow diet, I examined the expression of OLFM mRNA. To clone the promoters of the OLFMs, we created vectors that were transduced into bacteria. Through PCRs and sequencing we were able to confirm that we had successfully cloned some of the promoters. We also developed pET vectors that allow us to bacterially express the OLFM1 and OLFM2 proteins to use for cell treatments. This will allow us to determine how these proteins affect differentiation of stem cells. Our results thus far suggest that high fat diet may increase expression of OLFM1 in inguinal white adipose and mesenteric white adipose and increase OLFM2 expression in inguinal white adipose.
HTH 4 - Role of 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose on non-small cell lung cancer
First Author
Bhoj Raj Bhattarai
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Avinash Tope
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Cora Teets
Kentucky State University
2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) has demonstrated a notable capability to inhibit the glycolytic pathway, a mechanism prominently active in tumor cells due to the Warburg effect. This investigation seeks to further explore the effects of 2DG on the adherent A549 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) cell line, focusing on cell viability, DNA damage, and the oxidative stress response, pre-and post-treatment. Cells when treated with 2DG concentrations in the range of 0.5 mM, to 15 mM, will be studied for cell viability, and cytotoxicity will be investigated using (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) MTT assay. The long-term capacity of A549 NSCLC cells to proliferate and form colonies post-treatment will be evaluated using a colony-forming assay. Oxidative stress response in treated cells created by the various 2DG treatments will be evaluated with a series of assays such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione. Comet assay will be used to see the extent of DNA damage by 2DG and to evaluate the potential mechanism of anti-tumor effects. This extensive approach aims to provide a robust understanding of intricate pathways of cell death, antiproliferative potential, DNA damage, and oxidative stress response mechanism of 2 DGs as a potential anticarcinogenic agent on NSCLC. Findings will pave the path for innovative, effective, and targeted ways for cancer treatment.
HTH 5 - Sensory Characteristics of Low Fat Sausage Formulated with Xanthan-Locust Bean Gum Mixtures
First Author
Ansh Chhabra
The Gatton Academy
Co-author
Rachel Flinchum
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Sarah Maloney
The Gatton Academy
Co-author
Samantha Massey
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Evan Conge
The Gatton Academy
Co-author
Luiz Silva
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
John Khouryieh
Western Kentucky University
The challenge of using new ingredients as fat substitutes is maintaining the acceptance of sensory attributes such as appearance, odor, flavor, and texture parameters. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of xanthan-locust bean gum (XLB) mixtures on the sensory properties of sausages made with partial replacement of fat. The treatments consisted of High Fat (HF; 20% of fat), Reduced Fat (RF, 10% of fat), and RF plus four levels of XLB (RF+0.5%XLB, RF+1%XLB, RF+1.5%XLB, and RF+2%XLB). The sensory evaluation was conducted with six trained panelists, who scored three sausages from each treatment. The sausages were cooked until an internal temperature of 71°C and rested for 2 minutes before serving. Panelists scored the flavor and texture attributes of hardness, cohesiveness, juiciness, and flavor using an 8-point scale. The data was analyzed by SAS using PROC MIXED following a block design and with panelists as a random effect. The results indicated that the addition of the XLB linearly increased (P < 0.01) the hardness of the sausages. Cohesiveness was not affected by fat reduction (P = 0.11) but linearly decreased with the addition of XLB (P < 0.01). Sausage juiciness was not affected by either fat reduction (P = 0.98) or XLB inclusion (P = 0.25). The flavor intensity was not affected by fat reduction (P = 0.22) but linearly decreased as XLB levels increased (P < 0.01). The descriptive analysis showed that the sensory attribute scores of RF with XLB mixture were lower than those of the control.
HTH 12 - Serial Immunohistochemistry Stains to Examine Glial Cells in Mice with Amyloid Precursor Protein
First Author
Taylor Roberts
SCoBIRC University of Kentucky
Co-author
Adam Bachstetter
SCoBIRC University of Kentucky
Co-author
Ryan Shahidehpour
SCoBIRC University of Kentucky
A new mouse model has been developed that mimics plaques similar to the ones in human brains using 3 genetic markers found in Alzheimer's Disease patients. This model shows the development and physiological presentation of AD. The aim of this project was to do a series of immunohistochemistry stains to show how different brain cells are affected. The mice were subjected to a series of neurological tests, and then were sacrificed between the ages of 1 - 13 months old. Their brains were collected and processed for histology. We began with two permanent stains: GFAP and NEUN. GFAP highlighted astrocytes which exist throughout the brain but are especially present around inflammation, and the NEUN antibody stains for neurons. These permanent stains are used as a way of stacking images for each successive stain showing which types of cells are present around A𝛃 plaques. These images showed that plaques increased as the mice got older, and also, showed high levels of macrophages, endothelial cells, and astrocytes surrounding these plaques. Being better able to understand the human pathology of plaques through a model is essential to finding and testing better ways to prevent and treat Alzheimer's Disease.
HTH 3 - Skin cancer prevention for farmers and farmworkers: role of cooperative extension professionals
First Author
Frederick Bebe
Kentucky State University
Melanoma skin cancer causes the vast majority of skin cancer deaths. It is estimated to result in 99,780 cases and 7,650 deaths this year. The incidence rate has been on the rise the past few decades, and this trend is expected to continue, especially among minority populations. Ultra violet sun exposure is considered the main risk factor for skin cancer, and farmers and farmworkers whose outdoor work exposes them to excessive amounts of sun are among the most vulnerable. Prevention and management are the keys to reducing risk of diseases, disabilities and deaths, which is the focus of the US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) 'Health People 2030' agenda. Thus, interventions aimed at promoting evidence-based skin cancer screenings and preventive measures are essential to achieving this objective. Within this framework, the USDHHS in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) seek to increase the number of Americans healthy at every stage of life. As far as the wellbeing of farmers and farmworkers is concerned, the Cooperative Extension Service is uniquely positioned to leverage its human and professional resources in the prevention and management of skin cancer within the framework of its role as educators and collaborators in chronic disease prevention and management. Evidence related to the potential role of cooperative extension professionals in the prevention and management of melanoma skin cancer, barriers to effective performance, potential policy recommendations for reducing risk of the disease for the farming subpopulation are presented.
P&A 1 - The experimental study of rotational motion of a cylindrical container filled with liquid
First Author
Lincoln Potts
Western Kentucky University (Gatton Academy)
Co-author
Tristan Dunn
Western Kentucky University (Gatton Academy)
Co-author
Leah Hartman
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Doug Harper
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Ivan Novikov
Western Kentucky University
One common experiment performed in physics involves racing a solid and hollow pipe down a ramp. A similar experiment was conducted, which sparked a debate in the physics community. As demonstrated in Physics Education, 39(2004), pp. 38-39, liquids of different viscosities in a cylindrical container move down the same ramp at different speeds. This research project aims to measure the effect of materials with different viscosities in a container on the rolling motion of a cylinder. We have designed a ramp that follows a cycloidal path and placed photogate sensors controlled by a LabVIEW DAQ interface along the ramp to measure the translational movement of the cylinder. Neutrally buoyant beads are used to measure the movement of the material within the container. We present experimental results showing that the period of oscillations along the designed ramp depends on fluid viscosity. These results are compared to numerical simulations and analytical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation in some limiting cases. This project was funded by a WKU FUSE grant: #22-FA230.
P&A 2 - Phase Diagrams and Structural Analysis of Semiflexible Polymers with Variable-Width Bending Potentials
First Author
Daniel Hartlage
Murray State University
Co-author
Kris Luck
Murraystate.edu
Co-author
Matthew Williams
Murray State University
The purpose of our work is to classify and analyze semiflexible polymer structures produced by Monte Carlo simulation. We introduce a unique variable-width bending potential and simulate semiflexible polymer structures under varying temperatures, bending potential well depths, and bending potential well widths. Results are compared to previous work that explored variations only in well depth. We use specific heat curves to produce three phase diagrams that organize structure types by temperature and either bending potential well depth or bending potential maximum gradient. To assist with visualization, sample structures for each region of the diagrams are included. This comparative analysis forms the foundation for a larger study analyzing the effect of the bending potential width on structure formation, stability, and phase transitions.
P&A 3 - GPS Satellite Observations of a Radiation Belt Dropout Event in the Post-RBSP Era
First Author
Alexis Hensley
Berea College
Co-author
Harriet George
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics
Co-author
David Malaspina
CU Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences Department
Co-author
Milla Kalliokoski
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
The Earth's radiation belts present a space weather hazard to satellites and astronauts in orbit. The Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) provided the gold-standard radiation belt observations from 2012 to 2018. We demonstrated the use of the Global Position System (GPS) satellite data to investigate a radiation belt dropout event, thus examining the feasibility of using GPS satellites to continue to monitor the radiation belts in a post-RBSP era. A dropout of relativistic electrons from Earth's outer radiation belt occurred on 14 May 2019 and was analyzed using the GPS constellation. Most GPS satellites carry a Combined X-ray Dosimeter (CXD) instrument that provides electron count data. These count data have been cross calibrated with RBSP electron flux observations. We analyzed this dropout event using electron flux data from 19 GPS satellites to investigate the driving mechanism and timescales of the losses.
Electron flux losses of an order of magnitude were observed at all evaluated L-shell in the 4 MeV population. These rapid flux losses corresponded with strong compression of the magnetopause, which was abruptly compressed from its nominal location by ~2R_E. Analysis of the phase space density (PSD) calculated from GPS fluxes showed a total loss of the 3433 MeV/G and 0.11〖 G〗^(1/2) R_E population at L^*> 4.5. Further examination of the PSD revealed radial diffusion transported particles across the magnetopause after initial compression, thus contributing to the dropout. This analysis demonstrates the feasibility of using GPS data to evaluate rapid changes in the radiation belts, especially in the post-RBSP era.
Electron flux losses of an order of magnitude were observed at all evaluated L-shell in the 4 MeV population. These rapid flux losses corresponded with strong compression of the magnetopause, which was abruptly compressed from its nominal location by ~2R_E. Analysis of the phase space density (PSD) calculated from GPS fluxes showed a total loss of the 3433 MeV/G and 0.11〖 G〗^(1/2) R_E population at L^*> 4.5. Further examination of the PSD revealed radial diffusion transported particles across the magnetopause after initial compression, thus contributing to the dropout. This analysis demonstrates the feasibility of using GPS data to evaluate rapid changes in the radiation belts, especially in the post-RBSP era.
P&A 4 - An Updated Survey of Candidate Radio Supernova Remnants and Their Properties in Nearby Galaxies
First Author
Brannon Jones
Morehead State University
Co-author
Thomas Pannuti
Morehead State University
Using identified Supernova Remnants (SNRs) from multiple literature searches, we will produce a computed catalogue of integrated radio luminosity's due to synchrotron radiation, the minimum energy required to produce this radiation, and the corresponding magnetic field strength of extragalactic SNRs. SNRs in 10 nearby (> 8 Mpc) galaxies are considered to generate a statistically significant sample of sources suitable for a robust analysis. Each galaxy's metallicity and star formation rate (SFR) are also taken into consideration. By doing this we can model relations of SFR and the SNR population. The sample will also be compared to sample galactic SNRs.
SCED 1 - Helping students make sense of and effectively engage in socio-scientific controversies
First Author
Scott Bonham
Western Kentucky University
Socio-scientific issues (SSIs) such as climate change, biases in artificial intelligence and more are complex, multi-disciplinary issues that have significant ramifications for the future of our society. We need to both prepare STEM professionals to communicate scientific understanding to different people and develop future citizens who are able to make wise, informed decisions on such issues. This presentation will describe an interdisciplinary course developed by the presenter, Scientific Controversies: Historical and Present that seeks to address that goal through developing students' ability to recognize the interconnected socio-cultural facets of SSIs, critically evaluate the arguments and science involved, and to construct evidence-based arguments that can transcend our cultural divides. Students first study a historical SSI-the controversy surrounding Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems-as an extended case study developing a framework for exploring the different social, cultural, philosophical and scientific facets of SSIs. Next, students explore several contemporary issues: origins, race and technology and climate change. Finally, students select one piece of a contemporary issue and research the science and the socio-cultural paradigms of those involved in order to develop an evidence-based argument that takes into account the social identity and context, philosophical and religious beliefs, and cultural background of the intended audience. This presentation will discuss the structure of the course and opportunities for involvement.
SCED 2 - Designing an interactive virtual microscopy pathology module for first-year osteopathic medical students
First Author
Ayesha Ghayur
University of Pikeville
Co-author
Muhammad Nabeel Ghayur
University of Pikeville
At the Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine (KYCOM), as a part of curriculum transformation, we introduced multiple opportunities for active learning for our students. One such opportunity was a virtual microscopy session for an introduction to pathology. This session was added to the curriculum to give the first-year osteopathic students a flavor of pathology, introduce them to different specimen types and common stains used in pathology, and the ability to navigate virtual slides. Google Sites was used to organize the module so students could access carefully selected resources and engage actively. The resources included articles, brief videos, clinical cases, and virtual slides. To introduce students to the basics of pathological techniques, descriptions, and videos for staining and obtaining specimen samples were included. It was a two-hour session with five learning objectives. Zoom breakout rooms were used for students to convene as small groups and discuss a section of the module before reconvening as a big group to answer some questions to help assess their understanding of the content. This activity was followed by an open-book formative assessment multiple-choice quiz with nine questions. This low-stakes activity helped students revisit essential concepts learned in the module. At the end of the session, anonymous feedback was collected from the students to get an insight into the session's effectiveness. Students had mixed reviews about this activity (data will be shared in the poster). In conclusion, this activity proved to be a good initiative for involving students to introduce them to pathology.
SCED 3 - Impact of administering pharmacology practice questions via a learning management system to optometry students
First Author
Muhammad Nabeel Ghayur
University of Pikeville
Co-author
Ayesha Ghayur
University of Pikeville
Pharmacology at Kentucky College of Optometry (KYCO) is taught in the 2nd year over 2 semesters (total 8 blocks/year). Students are assigned pharmacology practice questions in the form of pdf files (one with questions and one with answers) that is uploaded on Canvas, the Learning Management System (LMS). We have received student feedback in the past that this might not be the best way to assign practice questions. So, to change this process, students (class of 59 students) were assigned practice questions the same way through a pdf file in the Fall semester, while in the Spring 2023 semester, questions were administered via Canvas-based digital practice quizzes. Quiz statistics were obtained from Canvas while a SurveyMonkey feedback survey was sent out at the end of the year to get student input. A total of 4 Canvas quizzes were made and assigned with 8, 12, 2, and 5 questions (mix of matching and multiple-choice questions). Although there is no way to find how many students attempted the pdf-based quizzes, but for the Canvas-based quizzes, 84.7%, 72.9%, 76.3%, and 76.3% students attempted each of the 4 quizzes. A total of 69.5% of the class returned back the feedback survey. For questions in the survey related to impact, interest, help with concepts, ease of use, and help with block exams, the student overwhelmingly found the Canvas-based quizzes much beneficial (statistically significant data, p< 0.0001). Results show the effectiveness of this intervention and the advantage of making full use of an LMS.
SCED 4 - The Hazel Green Academy Revitalization Project
First Author
Dakota Murphy
Morehead State University
Co-author
Casey Hovis
Morehead State University
Co-author
Jennifer Nguyen
Morehead State University
Co-author
Josie Traver
Morehead State University
Co-author
Sarah Lakes
Morehead State University
Co-author
Rachel Rogers
Morehead State University
The Hazel Green Academy Revitalization Project is a community service-based project focused around restoring and repurposing the Hazel Green Academy (HGA). HGA was a private, college preparatory high school in Wolfe County, KY, that opened in 1880. At its height, HGA served not only as a school, but also as a source of education and community events. However, HGA closed in 1983 due to a rise in public schools in the area.
The HGA Revitalization Project has three strategic priorities: create a community engagement event called Music on the Green; place all campus buildings on the National Register of Historic Places; and use the administration building for educational outreach by holding college courses on HGA's campus.
These strategic priorities will serve the community socially, academically, and holistically as HGA once did. Service-learning projects have been conducted to achieve the three strategic priorities. Students from the Craft Academy at Morehead State University have taken service-learning trips to HGA to maintain campus upkeep. This special project offers students the opportunity to engage in STEM education as well as serve the community. It is the hope of the HGA Revitalization Project to share this innovative project with other STEM-focused students throughout the state of Kentucky and beyond.
The HGA Revitalization Project has three strategic priorities: create a community engagement event called Music on the Green; place all campus buildings on the National Register of Historic Places; and use the administration building for educational outreach by holding college courses on HGA's campus.
These strategic priorities will serve the community socially, academically, and holistically as HGA once did. Service-learning projects have been conducted to achieve the three strategic priorities. Students from the Craft Academy at Morehead State University have taken service-learning trips to HGA to maintain campus upkeep. This special project offers students the opportunity to engage in STEM education as well as serve the community. It is the hope of the HGA Revitalization Project to share this innovative project with other STEM-focused students throughout the state of Kentucky and beyond.
SCED 5 - Hands-On Project-Based Learning in Aquaponics Builds Students' Confidence in STEM
First Author
Kenneth Thompson
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Kirk Pomper
Kentucky State University
This study explored the impact of an active aquaponics project-based learning program. The purpose of this case study was to assess students' perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors towards science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers. Two students of different ages, educational backgrounds, and out-of-school experiences were observed while constructing small aquaponics systems. Students were engaged in the construction of a backyard aquaponics system. Under supervision of Kentucky State University aquaculture scientists, student participants designed and constructed a self-regulating flow valve (automatic bell siphon) and worked to troubleshoot their system.
The study employed a qualitative methods approach to explore students' perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. Qualitative data were collected from field observation and one-on-one interviews. Five emergent positive outcomes were found throughout the design, construction, and operation of the students' systems: 1) students were able to contribute their own experience and perspectives to the project; 2) students developed critical thinking skills; 3) students gained a sense of pride and self-satisfaction; 4) students showed focus and determination to engage in the project; and 5) students were motivated to engage in the project from start to finish.
Results demonstrated that the program engaged learners in real-world problem solving and decision-making situations while working collaboratively. Overall, this project shows how hands-on, project-based STEM learning activities in aquaculture/aquaponics can build students' confidence in STEM and produce positive learning outcomes. The author's next steps will be to introduce these methods to a larger number of students, in a classroom setting for example, to make the results more generalizable.
The study employed a qualitative methods approach to explore students' perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. Qualitative data were collected from field observation and one-on-one interviews. Five emergent positive outcomes were found throughout the design, construction, and operation of the students' systems: 1) students were able to contribute their own experience and perspectives to the project; 2) students developed critical thinking skills; 3) students gained a sense of pride and self-satisfaction; 4) students showed focus and determination to engage in the project; and 5) students were motivated to engage in the project from start to finish.
Results demonstrated that the program engaged learners in real-world problem solving and decision-making situations while working collaboratively. Overall, this project shows how hands-on, project-based STEM learning activities in aquaculture/aquaponics can build students' confidence in STEM and produce positive learning outcomes. The author's next steps will be to introduce these methods to a larger number of students, in a classroom setting for example, to make the results more generalizable.
SCED 6 - The Effectiveness of Conservation Camps on Children's Knowledge and Attitudes of Wildlife and Outdoor Recreation
First Author
Kamryn Lee
EKU Department of Biological Sciences
Co-author
Susan Brown
Boone County Conservation District
Co-author
Stephen Sumithran
EKU Department of Biological Sciences
With the advance of technology and modern society, there has been a decrease in people's time spent in nature and, therefore, connection with nature; this is prevalent especially in children. Not only do conservation camps provide access and information on environmental topics, but they also contribute to a child's social skills through engagement with educators, counselors, and other campers. A questionnaire was administered at two summer conservation camps in Boone County, Kentucky, to assess the effects of the conservation camp on children's knowledge and attitudes about environmental topics. The questionnaire was administered to 43 camp participants, aged 9-15 years old, on the first day of camp and again on the last day; each camp lasted over the span of four to five days. There were four sections in the questionnaire which had four to six specific questions addressing the participants demographics, prior experience, interest, and knowledge. There were 25 male participants and 18 female participants across the two camps. Overall, there was an increase from prior experience, interest, and knowledge among campers from pre-camp to post-camp. Based on the Likert scale, the mean value for interest in 'Observing Wildlife' increased from 3.74 to 4.09, and knowledge about 'Ecosystem Connections' increased from 2.61 to 3.40 between pre-camp and post-camp respectively.
Friday, November 3, 2023 2:30pm - 4:30pm
Special Session - Aerospace Research in Kentucky
Student Union 104
| Associate Director, NASA-Ky: Jacob Owen | Director, NASA-Ky: Alexandre Martin |
NASA Kentucky (Kentucky Space Grant Consortium and NASA EPSCoR Programs) presents current and ongoing research from NASA-related projects conducted at institutions across the state. NASA KY supports research in aerospace, aeronautics, space science and related disciplines such as energy, physics, geosciences, biomedical, human health and performance, and computer science.The National Space Grant College & Fellowship Program was initiated by Congress in 1987 in response to the need to help maintain America's pre-eminence in aerospace science and technology. Kentucky Space Grant Consortium (KYSGC) is a diverse group of 29 affiliate members, including 18 Kentucky universities, colleges and community colleges, 5 industry partners, 4 science centers and 2 STEM educational organizations, partnered with NASA to support Kentucky college students, faculty and pre-college outreach. The national Space Grant network includes over 1,000 affiliates from universities, colleges, industry, museums, science centers, state and local agencies.
The NASA Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) supports partnerships with government, higher education and industry designed to effect lasting improvements in a state's research infrastructure and R&D competitiveness. Kentucky's NASA EPSCoR Program supports NASA-related research projects and partnerships in the state for any Kentucky institution of higher learning and their industry partners.
2:30 - The Economics of Outer Space Exploration
First Author
Steven Lugauer
University of Kentucky
This research's central theme is the question of how best to deploy people and resources to efficiently explore outer space. The rise of private space companies has poured billions of dollars into the space sector, potentially transforming the funding for basic science and increasing the potential for off Earth production and tourism. Governments around the world have also been spending on space related initiatives. Ultimately, the research seeks to build a conceptual framework to analyze what might be the optimal share of our resources to invest in space-related activities, taking into account the possible spill-over effects from space-based innovation to life on Earth.
2:45 - Suborbital Evaluation of Medical Technology for Exploration Spaceflight
First Author
George Pantalos
University of Louisville
Co-author
Sienna Shacklette
University of Louisville
Co-author
Clara Jones
University of Louisville
Co-author
Brooke Barrow
University of Louisville
Co-author
Dalton Aubrey
University of Louisville
Co-author
Kessalyn Kelly
University of Louisville
Co-author
Erica Sutton
University of Louisville
Co-author
Michael Ray
University of Louisville
Co-author
Thomas Roussel
University of Louisville
Introduction: Human suborbital spaceflight began with the NASA X-15 in 1959. In 2021, passengers began flying on commercial suborbital spacecraft. We conducted ground, parabolic flight, and automated suborbital flight experiments in preparation for human-tended suborbital research. Methods: Following a successful suborbital flight of our automated surgical fluid management system in 2021, we conducted parabolic flights using this system that requires frequent surgeon interaction during surgery. In our simulation, the surgeon, working alone, performed tasks with custom surgical instruments in a scripted sequence on a bleeding wound model inside a glovebox; other team members only observed and provided verbal sequence prompts. Assessment mimicked flights on the Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo and on the Blue Origin New Shepard suborbital spacecrafts with attention paid to surgeon position for each spacecraft. A second evaluation took place in SpaceShipTwo and New Shepard cabins with the glovebox mounted inside. A comprehensive assessment of surgeon activity was considered by an astronaut trainer and a human factors/safety engineer. Results: Parabolic flights were conducted in May 2022 with four surgeons performing scripted tasks for 15 parabolas in both spacecraft configurations. Typically, 15 surgical tasks were successfully completed. Suborbital spacecraft in-cabin evaluation emphasized safe movement and investigator restraint was well as efficient choreography of task flow inside the glovebox, and maximizing pre-flight rehearsal to optimize flight productivity. Discussion: With careful planning and prior experience working in reduced gravity, a researcher will be able to successfully and safely accomplish many sequential and intricate research tasks in suborbital spaceflight. [NASA 80NSSC21K0359, KYSGC]
3:00 - Spatio-temporal Renewable Energy Potential Analysis with Application to Hydrogen Supply for Future All Electric Aircraft
First Author
Rosemary Alden
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Dan Ionel
University of Kentucky
Toward the planning and development of future electric power systems with extremely large penetration of renewable resources (DERs), detailed assessment of power and energy potential is needed considering both spatial and temporal data per region. Within this presentation, a methodology for spatio-temporal DER capacity potential estimations, machine learning clustering of continuous DER zones, and airport hydrogen hub fueling and storage requirements will be described. A case study for Kentucky is completed with state-of-the-art utility scale solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines, and publicly available data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earthdata resource and the National Land Cover Database (NLCD). Annual estimates of wind and solar PV generation resources for the example region are found to meet the state's public annual energy requirement, even in the low land usage case. Consideration is given to meeting the state aggregate annual power imbalance minute-to-minute using hydrogen and battery energy storage. The Northern Kentucky/Cincinnati International Airport is employed for hydrogen hub calculations with NASA Integrated Zero Emission Aviation (IZEA) cryogenically cooled hydrogen fueled aircraft. The research reported was supported by the NASA KY GF-80NSSC20M0047.
3:15 - Exploring Hydrogen-Metal Interactions for Aerospace Applications
First Author
Xingsheng Sun
University of Kentucky
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is developing advanced energy storage materials and conversion techniques to meet the expected energy needs of human exploration systems. In this respect, hydrogen (H) has been identified as one of the clean and renewable energy sources due to its high energy density and zero air pollution. H-based techniques and fuel cells have been used in various fields of aerospace technologies, e.g., International Space Station, space shuttles and Apollo program. As H-based energy systems become more prevalent in aerospace applications, material challenges associated with H detection, storage and transport remain a bottleneck to be addressed. The interactions between H and metals, therefore, are of paramount importance, as they profoundly influence the mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties of those metallic materials in aerospace applications. In this talk, I will present the employment of two numerical methods to investigate H-metal interactions across multiple timescales. The first method, referred to as Diffusive Molecular Dynamics (DMD), is adopted to simulate the transport of H atoms in metals over a diffusive time-scale (on the order of seconds or longer). In contrast, the second method, Molecular Dynamics, can explicitly solve the displacive thermal vibrations of H and metal atoms over a very short time-scale (on the order of nanoseconds). Detailed findings unraveled by these two methods will be presented, including potential energy at multiple H concentrations, separation and dynamics of hydride phases, spatial distribution of H-induced lattice defects, and H-trapping sites in the vicinity of lattice defects.
3:30 - The development of an origami robot and its applications to Aerospace engineering
First Author
Minchul Shin
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Emmanuel Augustine
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Leslie Ferrao
Northern Kentucky Univeristy
The goal of this work is to develop sheet-based multi-legged self-folding robots that can investigate the physical condition of highly uncertain terrain after its transformation of such robots on rough terrains. The flat-packed robot has smart material layers for robot morphing from sheets and locomotion without bulky power sources or accessory systems. The device is generally applicable in various hard-to-reach regions in space and enables rich and robust measurement operation for unpredictable environments in space. This research project targets the design of morphing walking robot platforms from a sheet and the measurement of the physical properties of planet ground after its transformation by using dynamic model between their feet and space ground. The research team designed a self-folding robot driven by heating, which consists of two material layers (polymer/metal). Also, multi-legged systems using the ceramic smart material have a high driving force and large moving distance. Another task is to design a SWARM system that integrates an onboard micro-controller and self-assembly algorithm for robot interaction to operate various tasks including investigate the physical condition of highly uncertain terrain. In future, this algorithm will be used for the origami robots.
3:45 - Combining Tensegrity and Origami: Advancements in Aerospace Deployable Structures
First Author
Muhao Chen
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Shuo Ma
Zhejiang University of Technology
Co-author
Robert Skelton
Texas A&M University
Tensegrity and origami are key paradigms in deployable structures. Tensegrity, used in space habitats, towers, and cable domes, boasts advantages like mass efficiency, energy absorption, and shape control. However, it lacks a protective cover and requires intricate joint fabrication. Meanwhile, origami, applied in space solar panels, robotics, and metamaterials, allows for intricate folding shapes, compact storage, affordable manufacturing from 2D sheets, and adaptable metamaterial properties. Yet, origami's weaknesses lie in its low stiffness and challenges in controlling dynamics during shape change. The debate over which paradigm is superior continues. Some highlight tensegrity's presence in natural systems such as cells and spider fibers, while others endorse origami, referencing mechanisms in biostructures like flowers and lobster tails. Rather than choosing one, integrating both could be advantageous. Still, comprehensive studies on this combined system are very limited. This discussion seeks to unify these paradigms, offering a comprehensive method to model and study tensegrity and origami together. Such integration could revolutionize the design and creation of large deployable aerospace structures.
4:00 - Calculating Effective Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Fibrous Materials Using Lattice Particle Method
First Author
Donglai Liu
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Hailong Chen
University of Kentucky
Fibrous materials are extensively employed as thermal protection system in aerospace engineering. Numerical simulation is a very important tool to predict or evaluate the performance of materials and structures. One challenge for numerical study of the carbon fibrous materials is that the macro-material properties are unknown. A possible solution is to calculate the effective material properties by numerical simulations on a small domain of the material which contains enough information about the structure of the materials, which is referred to as computational homogenization.
In this study, the effective thermal and mechanical properties of a carbon fibrous material is predicted based on the micro-structure using a nonlocal Lattice Particle Method (LPM). The micro-structure is represented as voxel-based binary files obtained by scanning the fibrous sample. LPM is a nonlocal discrete method that treats a material domain as an assemblage of regularly packed material particles. This feature makes LPM a desirable tool for computational homogenization based on microstructures by directly taking voxel information as input file. We focused on thermal conductivity and mechanical properties in this study. We conducted a convergence study of calculated material properties with respect to different ratio of particle resolution and voxel resolution. Then the effective thermal conductivity tensor and effective mechanical properties are predicted for several set of microstructures.
In this study, the effective thermal and mechanical properties of a carbon fibrous material is predicted based on the micro-structure using a nonlocal Lattice Particle Method (LPM). The micro-structure is represented as voxel-based binary files obtained by scanning the fibrous sample. LPM is a nonlocal discrete method that treats a material domain as an assemblage of regularly packed material particles. This feature makes LPM a desirable tool for computational homogenization based on microstructures by directly taking voxel information as input file. We focused on thermal conductivity and mechanical properties in this study. We conducted a convergence study of calculated material properties with respect to different ratio of particle resolution and voxel resolution. Then the effective thermal conductivity tensor and effective mechanical properties are predicted for several set of microstructures.
4:15 - Stochastic uncertainty quantification of structured carbon ablator (FiberForm)
First Author
Luis Chacon
Univeristy of Kentucky
Co-author
Savio Poovathingal
University of Kentucky
FiberForm is a carbon ablator that is used in the thermal protection system (TPS) to mitigate the heat load and reduce the maximum temperature that reaches the surface of the spacecraft when entering the atmosphere of a planet. FiberForm is a material that has a structure and its overall microstructure properties have been studied in the past. However, our approach is to look directly at the thermo-physical properties like permeability, conductivity, and radiation absorption to create a probability distribution of each property based on different arbitrary characteristic lengths and study mean values, variance, and possible connection between each property. The motivation of this work is to better inform material response code by feeding them a range of possible values for material properties instead of a single constant for each property. Ten samples from different locations of a FiberForm tile were extracted and X-ray computed tomography (XRCT) was performed on the samples to extract their microstructure to study them statistically. The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) technique is used to solve the flow of each microstructure and extract the effective permeability using Darcy's law.
Friday, November 3, 2023 5:00pm - 6:30pm
Plenary Session
Greaves Hall, NKU Fine Arts Center
Welcome !
NKU P
resident Dr. Cady Short-Thompson welcomes us to Northern Kentucky University
2023 Keynote Speakers
Rebec
ca Blankenship
Perhaps best known as Kentucky's first openly transgender elected official, Rebecca Blankenship is an issues-first political operative working to make Kentucky a freer, more rational place. She has worked on political campaigns from U.S. Senate down to city council. At the Kentucky State Capitol in Frankfort, she advocates on bills concerning students' rights, First Amendment protections, LGBT rights, and nuclear energy. She lives in Madison County, Kentucky.
Mason Kalinsky
Mason Kalinsky is the Organizing Director for Hood to the Holler. He is dedicated to community organizing and building progressive people power in Kentucky. He also has worked in Frankfort to protect trans rights and is familiar with the movement to protect trans kids across the United States. In 2018, he published a study on a peer-to-peer gatekeeper intervention to reduce rates of suicide among LGBTQ adolescents.
To walk to the NKU Fine Arts Center, exit the Student Union to the East (the opposite direction from the parking garage). Walk past (or through) the University Center building and turn left to reach the Fine Arts Center.
NKU Campus Map
NKU P
resident Dr. Cady Short-Thompson welcomes us to Northern Kentucky University2023 Keynote Speakers
Rebec
ca BlankenshipPerhaps best known as Kentucky's first openly transgender elected official, Rebecca Blankenship is an issues-first political operative working to make Kentucky a freer, more rational place. She has worked on political campaigns from U.S. Senate down to city council. At the Kentucky State Capitol in Frankfort, she advocates on bills concerning students' rights, First Amendment protections, LGBT rights, and nuclear energy. She lives in Madison County, Kentucky.
Mason Kalinsky
Mason Kalinsky is the Organizing Director for Hood to the Holler. He is dedicated to community organizing and building progressive people power in Kentucky. He also has worked in Frankfort to protect trans rights and is familiar with the movement to protect trans kids across the United States. In 2018, he published a study on a peer-to-peer gatekeeper intervention to reduce rates of suicide among LGBTQ adolescents.
To walk to the NKU Fine Arts Center, exit the Student Union to the East (the opposite direction from the parking garage). Walk past (or through) the University Center building and turn left to reach the Fine Arts Center.
NKU Campus Map
Friday, November 3, 2023 7:00pm - 8:00pm
Digital Planetarium Show at Haile Planetarium
4th Floor, NKU Science Center
If sharks aren't your thing, enjoy a Planetarium show instead!
Haile Planetarium is one of the hidden gems of Northern Kentucky University and is open the public on Friday evenings. Haile Planetarium is open to the public several times a month for free shows. The largest use of the Haile Planetarium is for the thousands of P-12 students who visit each year for a free field trip. As part of the Physics, Geology, and Engineering Technology Department, Haile Planetarium is located on the fourth floor of the Science Center.
Haile Planetarium is one of the hidden gems of Northern Kentucky University and is open the public on Friday evenings. Haile Planetarium is open to the public several times a month for free shows. The largest use of the Haile Planetarium is for the thousands of P-12 students who visit each year for a free field trip. As part of the Physics, Geology, and Engineering Technology Department, Haile Planetarium is located on the fourth floor of the Science Center.
Friday, November 3, 2023 7:00pm - 11:00pm
Scientists' Night Out at Newport Aquarium
1 Aquarium Way, Newport, KY 41071
We have reserved the Newport Aquarium for an exclusive KAS event. Join us for 
amazing creatures, presentations from Aquarium scientists, and a demonstration dive from KAS President Julie Reizner! Food & beverage included and cash bar available.
The Newport Aquarium event is included in your meeting registration if you RSVP'd.
Saturday, November 4, 2023 8:00am - 9:00am
Breakfast - Kentucky Geoscience Workforce Discussion
Griffin Hall 316
For Earth & Environmental Scientists, Students, Professionals, Employers, & Educators-
Demand seems to be outstripping the supply of "geoscience" graduates, and Kentucky is going to need more professionals than we have now. What are the challenges in higher education?
What investments & strategies do we need across the sector? Join a conversation with Dr. William Andrews, the new Director of the Ky Geological Survey. How do you think Kentucky can recruit more professionals into geoscience career paths, market modern geosciences to a diverse population of students, and communicate a more accurate & modern representation of diverse geoscientists & careers to the general public? Bring your experiences & ideas and join the conversation!
Demand seems to be outstripping the supply of "geoscience" graduates, and Kentucky is going to need more professionals than we have now. What are the challenges in higher education?
What investments & strategies do we need across the sector? Join a conversation with Dr. William Andrews, the new Director of the Ky Geological Survey. How do you think Kentucky can recruit more professionals into geoscience career paths, market modern geosciences to a diverse population of students, and communicate a more accurate & modern representation of diverse geoscientists & careers to the general public? Bring your experiences & ideas and join the conversation!Saturday, November 4, 2023 8:01am - 9:00am
Saturday poster set up
Student Union Ballroom
If you are presenting a poster on Saturday, please set it up on your numbered board between 8-9am. Posters should be removed at the end of the afternoon poster session. Posters will be up all day so that people can see them at any time.
Saturday, November 4, 2023 9:00am - 10:30am
Special Session- Dinosaurs Under the Microscope
Griffin Hall 316
| Organizer: Julie Reizner |
Because bone is laid down as an animal grows, vascular canals change orientation and density over time, and annual growth rings are often deposited. Since we can compare these patterns to those of living animals, we can determine metabolism and growth rates of the extinct animals, as well as how old the individuals were when they died. Special life events such as hatching and pregnancy have even been identified.
All paleontology is multidisciplinary - combining the sciences of biology and geology - but the study of paleohistology also involves medical professionals who can identify episodes of disease and injury in bone, biomechanical engineers who work on posture and locomotion, and ecologists who study population dynamics and survivorship trends. Therefore this session holds interest for many students, educators, and researchers.
This session will feature current work on a monospecific population of ceratopsian dinosaurs from Montana. Through paleohistological methods, these researchers are establishing metabolic rates, growth dynamics, survivorship, and even herding and other social behaviors of this species. Meeting attendees will be exposed to a fascinating field they may not have even known existed.
9:00 - The Power of Paleohistology: What Cutting Up Fossils Can Tell Us
First Author
Julie Reizner
Northern Kentucky University
Paleohistology is the study of the microstructure of fossilized skeletal tissues. Despite its origins dating back to the 19th century, the thin-sectioning and analysis of fossilized bone is today one of the fastest-growing fields in the study of ancient life. Paleohistology helps us answer questions about the lives of dinosaurs and other extinct animals we never thought possible.
This introduction to paleohistology will detail research on the ceratopsian dinosaur Einiosaurus procurvicornis (Sampson). This species is known exclusively from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of northwestern Montana, from a bonebed representing a herd of animals that lived and died together. Paleohistological methods are used to test hypotheses on growth dynamics and population biology, including reproductive and social behavior, of this little-known dinosaur.
As expected from any death assemblage past or present, the E. procurvicornis specimens were babies, juveniles, and subadults when they succumbed to drought. Bone tissue indicates that the largest individuals in the sample were not yet skeletally mature adults. Thus, the distinctive cranial ornamentation that defines this species is based on subadult individuals, and the full adult morphology is not currently known. This phenomenon is not unusual in dinosaurs but has major implications for taxonomic resolution and morphometric studies of ceratopsians. Current paleohistological work presented in this special session further adds to the understanding of the horned dinosaurs.
This introduction to paleohistology will detail research on the ceratopsian dinosaur Einiosaurus procurvicornis (Sampson). This species is known exclusively from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of northwestern Montana, from a bonebed representing a herd of animals that lived and died together. Paleohistological methods are used to test hypotheses on growth dynamics and population biology, including reproductive and social behavior, of this little-known dinosaur.
As expected from any death assemblage past or present, the E. procurvicornis specimens were babies, juveniles, and subadults when they succumbed to drought. Bone tissue indicates that the largest individuals in the sample were not yet skeletally mature adults. Thus, the distinctive cranial ornamentation that defines this species is based on subadult individuals, and the full adult morphology is not currently known. This phenomenon is not unusual in dinosaurs but has major implications for taxonomic resolution and morphometric studies of ceratopsians. Current paleohistological work presented in this special session further adds to the understanding of the horned dinosaurs.
9:15 - How Osteons Can Help Us Determine Growth Patterns of Einiosaurus procurvicornis
First Author
Rosemary Bryant
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Owen Messerly
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Julie Reizner
Northern Kentucky University
Osteocytes (bone cells) are laid down throughout the life of an animal, and even fossilized bone tissue can give us an extraordinary amount of information regarding the once-living animal's metabolism and rate of growth. The orientation, geometry, and density of these osteocytes, as well as patterns of vascularity, are described for many extinct species of animal, including dinosaurs, and especially theropod dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus rex (Osborn). Not as much work has been done on the horned, or ceratopsian, dinosaurs, despite their abundance and importance in many late Cretaceous ecosystems of North America.
Here, we detail the bone microstructure of the centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur Einiosaurus procurvicornis (Sampson) from Montana. Thin sections are taken from two tibiae and the microstructure examined. While previous studies have simply identified the presence of Haversian bone, this current work identifies regions of longitudinal, reticular, radial, and other patterns of vascular canals that can give greater detail into the growth of an individual E. procurvicornis from baby to maturity. Vascularity and osteocyte density is quantified using a point-count method. The considerable osteocyte density seen in E. procurvicornis reflects a sustained rate of fast growth, and radially-oriented canals further indicate rapid growth, much faster than modern reptiles (as in all dinosaurs) but a little slower than other, more southerly ceratopsians. These details of E. procurvicornis can inform future studies on how metabolism and growth is influenced by climate and latitude of the ancient realms of the horned dinosaurs.
Here, we detail the bone microstructure of the centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur Einiosaurus procurvicornis (Sampson) from Montana. Thin sections are taken from two tibiae and the microstructure examined. While previous studies have simply identified the presence of Haversian bone, this current work identifies regions of longitudinal, reticular, radial, and other patterns of vascular canals that can give greater detail into the growth of an individual E. procurvicornis from baby to maturity. Vascularity and osteocyte density is quantified using a point-count method. The considerable osteocyte density seen in E. procurvicornis reflects a sustained rate of fast growth, and radially-oriented canals further indicate rapid growth, much faster than modern reptiles (as in all dinosaurs) but a little slower than other, more southerly ceratopsians. These details of E. procurvicornis can inform future studies on how metabolism and growth is influenced by climate and latitude of the ancient realms of the horned dinosaurs.
9:30 - Einiosaurus procurvicornis Growth Curves: Better Understanding the Growth of the Horned Dinosaurs
First Author
Benjamin Fulmer
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Julie Reizner
Northern Kentucky University
Vertebrate paleontologists have been constructing body mass estimates for a wide range of extinct species for over 100 years. The three primary methods used to calculate body mass are volumetric-density (VD), extant-scaling (ES), and developmental mass extrapolation (DME). Each method can provide data important to creating an accurate reconstruction. VD methods can provide a clear image of an individual or a group of individuals, while the ES method provides a broader dataset, allowing for a better understanding of a specimen through time. However, VD and ES methods have their criticisms, leading to the rising popularity of DME reconstructions. DME methods have held up when applied to extant species, including Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator), and so are considered the most reliable methods of creating body mass estimates for non-avian dinosaurs. This study applies DME methods to the limb bones of multiple specimens of Einiosaurus procurvicornis (Sampson), at all available ontogenetic stages, from hatchling to subadult. This study then examines and accurately graphs these changes in body mass throughout the lifetime of this dinosaur for the first time and will help shed light on the relatively understudied horned dinosaurs.
9:45 - An Accurate Imagining of the Cranial Ontogeny of Ceratopsian Dinosaur Einiosaurus procurvicornis
First Author
Christianna Whitley
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Julie Reizner
Northern Kentucky University
Paleoart can be used to depict extinct animals as accurately as possible and is an effective tool for scientific communication. Ontogeny is the development of an organism throughout its life, from embryo to adult. Illustrating an ontogenetic series of the cranial ornamentations of Einiosaurus procurvicornis (Sampson), allows for current information to be efficiently conveyed in a scientific communication setting. The series is created using a digital art program in a semi-realistic style. An investigation into previous research into the ontogeny of E. procurvicornis and close relative Centrosaurus apertus will be used to create a cumulative depiction of the growth stages from hatchling to adult. The changes in ornamental structures, both in size and orientation during maturity, will be examined. The description of a specimen of a baby Triceratops will be used to extrapolate the earliest appearance. The presence of ornamental structures from an early stage of development suggests the characteristics were not strictly a sexual display. By interpreting the early development and morphology of cranial ornamentation in E. procurvicornis, inferences into their function can be hypothesized. Bone histology using a hatch line on a tibia will be used to calculate the size of a hatchling, and the relative size of its head will be based on other ceratopsian hatchlings.
10:00 - A sculpture of a newborn dinosaur based on tibia dimensions at its time of hatching
First Author
Max Kitzmiller
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Julie Reizner
Northern Kentucky University
All baby dinosaurs are born tiny, from very small eggs relative to the body size of the adult animal, and it is difficult to imagine just how small they were at hatching and how quickly they needed to grow. Sculpture can help us to visualize this in an educational context. A life-size sculpture of a baby Einiosaurus procurvicornis (Sampson) has never been created. Previous studies on dinosaur mass estimates have found that the mass of many extant species scales approximately to the length of a limb bone, such as the humerus, fibula, and tibia. This project calculates the full-body size of an E. procurvicornis hatchling with the length and circumference of the tibia at approximate time of hatching. Hatching lines are deposited inside the growing bone and occur due to a shift in metabolism that occurs as the organism leaves the egg. They allow us to estimate the size of a dinosaur at its time of hatching. Calculations are taken from a tibia of an E. procurvicornis hatchling, found in Montana, USA. This tibia shows a circumference of 1.67 cm and a length of about 2.5 cm. From these dimensions, a hatchling E. procurvicornis would have been about 20-25 cm long and weighed around 2-3 lbs, about the same as a guinea pig. I am taking these measurements to a sculptural aspect and recreating what a hatchling E. procurvicornis would've looked like, using clay as my medium to communicate the surprising size of a baby dinosaur.
10:15 - Using Phylogenetic Eigenvector Maps to Determine the Metabolic Rate of the Horned Dinosaur Einiosaurus Procurvicornus
First Author
Brynden Perkins
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Julie Reizner
Northern Kentucky University
Analyses of quantitative histological traits have been used to estimate the resting metabolic rate for several fossil vertebrate groups, including synapsids, plesiosaurs, pseudosuchians, non-avian theropods, birds, and some ornithischian dinosaurs. Ceratopsians, however, have yet to be included in any such analysis, despite their large size and importance as a diverse clade of terrestrial megafauna. Einiosaurus procurvicornis (Sampson) from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana has extensive postcranial material available from a cohesive herd of at least 16 individuals. Therefore, E. procurvicornis is one of the few ceratopsians to have had extensive analysis of its bone tissue, including the reconstruction of a growth curve suggesting a relatively fast rate of growth. Phylogenetic eigenvector maps can be used to provide an estimate of a trait provided a predictor variable in a phylogenetic context, such as relative primary osteon area within the bone tissue. These results are then compared to known values of extant taxa, or to extinct taxa that have previously been sampled and analyzed. These results represent the first quantified resting metabolic rate for a ceratopsian dinosaur, an important step toward contextualizing their physiology and evolution.
9:00 - Geological and hydrogeological 'red flags' that influence land-use hazards in karst: a case study in Warren County, KY
First Author
Mykah Carden
Gatton Academy of Mathematics and Science
Co-author
Patricia Kambesis
Western Kentucky University
Sinkhole flooding and collapse, and impaired groundwater quality are characteristic land-use hazards in karst landscapes. The karstic Lost River groundwater basin (LRGB), Warren County, Kentucky, is the site of two infamous sinkhole collapses, numerous cover collapses, significant sinkhole flooding, and breaches in groundwater quality. This study documented and analyzed the geological and hydrogeological 'red flags' making areas within LRGB more susceptible to such hazards. A simple rubric was constructed for preliminary assessment of karst land-use risk. In a case study, we assessed the potential for karst hazards in an undeveloped area of LRGB recently re-zoned from agricultural to residential land-use. Assessment methods included speleological and geological mapping, field observations, and GIS/LIDAR landform analysis.
Speleological mapping revealed an undocumented cave system, established its relationship to surface topography, and quantified thickness of rock/soil overburden above the cave. Geological mapping documented faulting and joint-control that influenced cave extent/footprint, and bedrock characteristics impacting groundwater flow. Field observations identified underground zones where surface sediments and debris (natural and man-made) accumulated causing impact to groundwater flow. Direction of groundwater flow in the cave system and proximity of significant springs outside of LRGB suggested the area of interest was not part of LRGB but of an undocumented groundwater basin. Landform analysis using GIS/LIDAR revealed pre-existing sinkholes making the area prone to future collapses and flooding.
Evaluation of assessment data with the risk-hazard rubric showed the undeveloped area to be at high risk for karst land-use hazards and informed recommendations for additional assessments and more detailed risk-analysis.
Speleological mapping revealed an undocumented cave system, established its relationship to surface topography, and quantified thickness of rock/soil overburden above the cave. Geological mapping documented faulting and joint-control that influenced cave extent/footprint, and bedrock characteristics impacting groundwater flow. Field observations identified underground zones where surface sediments and debris (natural and man-made) accumulated causing impact to groundwater flow. Direction of groundwater flow in the cave system and proximity of significant springs outside of LRGB suggested the area of interest was not part of LRGB but of an undocumented groundwater basin. Landform analysis using GIS/LIDAR revealed pre-existing sinkholes making the area prone to future collapses and flooding.
Evaluation of assessment data with the risk-hazard rubric showed the undeveloped area to be at high risk for karst land-use hazards and informed recommendations for additional assessments and more detailed risk-analysis.
9:15 - Gaining Stream Profiling of a Groundwater-fed Surface Stream to Mitigate Water Quality and Flooding Impacts
First Author
Ben Hauschild
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Jason Polk
WKU
Co-author
Trayson Lawler
WKU
Co-author
Adam Desloge
WKU
Jennings Creek is situated along the northwestern border of Bowling Green, Kentucky and is a spring-fed tributary to the Barren River. Flooding along Jennings Creek and its many subterranean tributaries has increased in frequency and severity in recent years, in part due to development and urbanization throughout the city. Due to the surrounding karst landscape, water quality and flooding issues are common. The creation of a gaining stream discharge profile using the U.S. Geological Survey standard methods allows for the identification and quantification of the surface and subsurface inputs to Jennings Creek. A Global Flowprobe and Sontek Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) were used with Onset HOBO water level loggers to measure discharge and water level (1-min resolution), respectively, at five sites along Jennings Creek. The data suggest highly varying contributions of major springs influence flooding and water quality in the hydrological system, including several large spring inputs during storms. In addition, this research will be a part of an EPA 319 watershed plan project for Jennings Creek. Results to date suggest the spring tributaries contribute significant flow to the discharge of Jennings Creek under storm events, along with dynamic changes longitudinally due to the karstic nature of the stream, with some segments disappearing underground and losing flow during baseflow conditions. These data will be useful in an improved understanding of the natural flow of Jennings Creek and how development intensively occurring within its watershed may affect flow regimes and flooding.
9:30 - Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Mustard, Brassica juncea grown under five soil amendments
First Author
Anjan Nepal
Kentucky State University
Co-author
George Antonious
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Buddhi Gyawali
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Thomas Webster
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Frederick Bebe
Kentucky State University
An experiment was conducted at Kentucky State University Farm to assess the effect of five soil amendments (chicken manure, sewage sludge, leaf compost, cow manure, vermicompost) on mustard yield and accumulation of Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Molybdenum (Mo), and Zinc (Zn) in mustard leaves and pods. Three varieties of mustard, Brassica juncea: Black mustard, Mighty mustard, and Yellow mustard were planted in a split block design with 18 experimental plots. Metals in soil were extracted using nitric acid and calcium chloride solutions. Quantification of heavy metals was carried out using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The results showed that sewage sludge produced the highest mustard yield. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was > 1, which indicates a high accumulation of Cu, Cd, Ni, Mo, and Zn in mustard. The accumulation of Cu, Ni, and Zn was below the permissible limit, whereas Cd and Pb concentrations were above the permissible limit. The results confirm that there is no risk of Cu, Mo, and Zn toxicity when mustard is grown and consumed under these field conditions.
9:45 - Contaminant Transport Mechanisms and Source Tracking in Karst Groundwater Systems Under Agricultural Land Use
First Author
Shreya Pandey
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Jason Polk
Western Kentucky University
Karst areas face severe groundwater contamination that degrades the quality of water. When agriculture is practiced, contaminants are released into the groundwater, which impacts the water quality. This study focuses on how nitrates and E. coli. are transported through the karst system by identifying the contaminant transport mechanisms and using source tracking analysis. Grab samples will be collected during storm events at high-resolution to capture contamination that occurs during storms throughout the growing season. Geochemistry will be recorded using a YSI ProDSS and samples will be analyzed at the HydroAnalytical and USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) labs for nitrate, bacteria, and source tracking (DNA). The data will be compiled in OriginPro spreadsheet software to statistically analyze time-series occurrences of each parameter, which will be regressed to determine relationships between them and environmental drivers. The results from this study will provide reliable and robust data about the source and movement of nitrate and E. coli within karst groundwater systems under agricultural land use. They will be helpful in formulating better mitigation strategies, including the use of BMPs (Best Management Practices) to reduce contamination from identified sources and be applicable across the hundreds of square kilometers of karst agricultural lands globally.
WITHDRAWN - Watershed Planning for Community Resilience from Tornado and Water Quality Impacts in Bowling Green, Kentucky
First Author
Jason Polk
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Kara Brunot
WKU
Co-author
Adam Desloge
WKU
Co-author
Grace Herrmann
WKU
Co-author
Nima Esmaeilzadeh
WKU
Co-author
Shreya Pandey
WKU
Co-author
Brittany Pekara
WKU
Co-author
Maddie Petty
WKU
To protect the City of Bowling Green's vulnerable surface water and subsurface groundwaters that contribute flow to the Green River from Jennings Creek and its primary karst tributary, the Lost River, this project aims to ameliorate threats from stormwater, nonpoint contamination, and point-source pollution through the development of a Watershed Based Plan for informed community decision-making toward water resource protection. Additionally, in December 2021, Bowling Green was struck by a tornado, causing widespread destruction. The Creekwood community adjacent to Jennings Creek was heavily impacted by loss of life, property, and environmental damage. Jennings Creek was heavily altered by the disaster, including sedimentation, streambank erosion, and loss of stabilizing trees. Working together with the Rotary International Bowling Green AM Club to secure funding, a student-led recovery project, in partnership with the City of Bowling Green and Warren County BG-WC Metropolitan Planning Organization, was launched under the umbrella of the EPA Watershed Plan already in progress to help restore the environment and support the community's recovery effort. Water quality sampling and additional efforts to integrate stakeholders are being included to finalize both a new park and the final plan for remediation, recovery, and protection of Jennings Creek.
10:30 - Rain-on-snowmelt in the Ohio River Basin
First Author
Zachary Suriano
Western Kentucky University
The contributions of liquid precipitation to a melting snowpack, or rain-on-snow, can rapidly generate substantial runoff and socioeconomic impacts. However, research into the variability and forcing mechanisms of rain-on-snow in the eastern United States is underrepresented within the scientific literature. Here a climatology snow ablation within the Ohio River Basin is presented with focus on spatiotemporal variability of event frequency and intensity from 1981-2022. A specific objective is to determine the proportion of monthly and seasonal snowmelt frequency and magnitudes attributed to rain-on-snow processes. Results indicate rain-on-snow is relatively common within the basin, occurring multiple days during the year and typically representing the largest magnitude of snow loss of all snowmelt events. Over time, the magnitude of precipitation occurring during rain-on-snow events exhibits substantial variability.
10:45 - Precipitation Variability across Kentucky
First Author
Abraham Tekoe
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Zachary Suriano
Department of Earth, Environmental, and Atmospheric Sciences
Precipitation plays an important role in the earth's water cycle and is responsible for freshwater supplies around the world. However, the occurrence of extreme precipitation events, such the one in Kentucky in July 2022, have the potential to produce substantial societal and environmental harm. Recent research indicates the frequency of very heavy and extreme precipitation events has broadly increased since the 1950s across much of the United States, including in Kentucky. Despite the effects of extreme precipitation, little research has been done to understand the causes of those events. This study investigates the inter and intra-annual variability in precipitation events across the state of Kentucky over the past 75 years and analyzes the large-scale weather patterns driving those extreme events. We found that precipitation's variability has increased across the state, which is due to large scale weather patterns.
11:00 - Climatological Trends of Nocturnal and Out-of-Season Tornadoes
First Author
Jackson Powers
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Xingang Fan
Western Kentucky University
This study will examine the climatology of tornadoes in the United States, specifically out-of-season and nocturnal tornadoes, using statistical analysis, animation, and spatial data. The particular danger of these types of tornadoes put people at a higher risk. Included in the analysis will be an examination of tornadic strength trends. These variables are looked at on a seasonal and monthly basis. There will also be an analysis of existing temporal and spatial trends involving potential increases of these atypical tornado events. The study demonstrates climatological trends of atypical tornadoes and the spaces that these events happen in, with a focus on the Southeast United States.
11:15 - Revival of diatom usage in monitoring the health of northern Kentucky waterways
First Author
Kaitlyn Snyder
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Joshua Cooper, Ph.D.
Northern Kentucky University
Diatoms are unicellular algae that are critical for freshwater ecosystems and are considered sentinel species because they react quickly to environmental changes. Thus, they have been used to classify the integrity of waterways in supporting life. Though diatoms have been used for water quality historically, the practice was phased out due to problematic taxonomic species identification and quality control. In this project, we aimed to introduce the use of voucher flora and time-presence counting methods in the analysis of the health of local streams in addition to creating an index of biotic integrity on diatoms in northern Kentucky. To further investigate the reliability of the time-presence counting method, we compared it with another commonly used fixed count metrology to determine if the newer count method is superior or equivalent.
11:30 - Climate Change vulnerability Assessment of a Regional Karst Landscape for Hazard Mitigation Planning
First Author
Kara Brunot
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Jason Polk
Western Kentucky University
Climate change is global phenomena affecting all sectors of society by creating conditions more conducive for the occurrence of extreme events, which are projected to increase in intensity and frequency. Flooding, in particular, is projected to be exacerbated. Karst landscapes are especially vulnerable to climate change impacts, because of their unique hydrology and geology that can create intense flooding from prolonged or intense rain events, which climate change will likely make more feasible. Areas are often disproportionately affected by climate change due to population demographics and environmental conditions. This study uses a modified climate vulnerability assessment and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) to quantify and identify vulnerable areas in the BRADD (Barren River Area Development District) of Kentucky. Each county will be scored using indicators evaluating social, economic, and environmental factors. The scores will be analyzed using GIS by producing spatial distribution maps and compared with demographic and physical landscape attributes to identify patterns of intersection. The resulting maps and scores will help inform the BRADD of the most vulnerable areas, including those that lack data for future planning, and indicators that can inform future mitigation.
11:45 - Sinkhole Hazard Assessment Index and Risk Analysis to Inform Karst Policy and Mitigation Planning
First Author
Meghan Forbes
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Jason Polk
Western Kentucky University
Sinkholes are geologic hazards that occur in karst landscapes that can be highly destructive and costly. Sinkhole cost per year is unknown and sinkhole-related policies are nonexistent on a federal level and nearly nonexistent at the state level. A method is needed to quantify and assess sinkhole cost and risk over time. A lack of awareness has led to the continuation of the development and urbanization of sinkhole-risk areas, which put lives and property at risk. This study will attempt to characterize sinkhole threats to aid in creating a method to quantify sinkhole potential cost and risk, including the morphometry and scale of bedrock collapse sinkholes, which are less common but highly destructive. In addition, comparison and contrast of existing sinkhole policies and regulations to assess how well they measure the characteristics of sinkhole hazards will occur; however, karst landscapes are inhomogeneous, and it is unlikely that a 'one size fits all' policy approach will be found effective. The goal of this study is to create a method that can be used to quantify the risk associated with sinkholes to influence better development practices and policy implementation. The results herein will produce a sinkhole hazard index tool that can be used by developers, environmental managers, and policymakers to inform urban karst development decisions based on environmental, economic, and social factors.
9:00 - Computation in the Undergraduate Physics Curriculum
First Author
Troy Messina
Berea College Physics Program
For decades the American Institute of Physics (AIP) has published statistics related to careers for physics students. A significant fraction (15-25%) of undergraduate physics degrees go on to careers with titles of computer or information systems. Other careers such as engineering (another 20-30% of physics B.S. degrees) employ heavy use of computer modeling. Therefore, it is important that educators prepare students for this work. Organizations such as the Partnership for Integration of Computation into Undergraduate Physics (PICUP) have emerged to facilitate education in computational physics. In this presentation, we will discuss curricular enhancements to physics courses that can be made using Python programming starting at the introductory level and spanning the undergraduate physics curriculum including laboratories.
9:15 - Nope! It did not do it again. The Story of IC 3599
First Author
Salem Wolsing
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Dirk Grupe
NKU
I will report on the long-term monitoring campaign of the Seyfert 1.9 galaxy IC 3599 by Swift, starting in 2013.
IC 3599 was discovered as an extremely bright X-ray source during the ROSAT All-Sky Survey in 1991, but later
pointed observations revealed a dramatic drop in the X-ray flux. One model to explain such a dramatic X-ray outburst
is the tidal disruption of a star by the central black hole. However, another flare was detected in 2010 by Swift.
This makes the Tidal Disruption Event (TDE) scenario less likely and favors an accretion disk instability. Nevertheless,
one possibility is the partial tidal stripping of a star on an elliptical orbit around the star which would suggest a
periodic flaring. In this model it was predicted that another flare would occur in 2019/2020. Our Swift monitoring clearly
shows that this is not the case and that the flares can be explained by accretion disk instabilities. I will present
how that X-ray and UV emission in IC 3599 has changed over the last decade and what this means for modelling this AGN.
IC 3599 was discovered as an extremely bright X-ray source during the ROSAT All-Sky Survey in 1991, but later
pointed observations revealed a dramatic drop in the X-ray flux. One model to explain such a dramatic X-ray outburst
is the tidal disruption of a star by the central black hole. However, another flare was detected in 2010 by Swift.
This makes the Tidal Disruption Event (TDE) scenario less likely and favors an accretion disk instability. Nevertheless,
one possibility is the partial tidal stripping of a star on an elliptical orbit around the star which would suggest a
periodic flaring. In this model it was predicted that another flare would occur in 2019/2020. Our Swift monitoring clearly
shows that this is not the case and that the flares can be explained by accretion disk instabilities. I will present
how that X-ray and UV emission in IC 3599 has changed over the last decade and what this means for modelling this AGN.
9:30 - Constraining Properties of Evolving Cold Interstellar Clouds
First Author
Kelly Humphrey
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Steven Gibson
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Alberto Noriega-Crespo
Space Telescope Science Institute
Stars form from the gravitational collapse of cold, dense interstellar clouds of mostly hydrogen gas. To better understand the structure and development of such clouds, we examined relations between three properties: the fraction of hydrogen in the cloud that is neutral hydrogen atoms (HI), traced by the 21 cm spectral line; the empirical scaling factor between the CO emission tracing molecular gas and the amount of H2; and the empirical scaling factor between the amount of dust and the amount of total hydrogen. Clouds with HI self-absorption (HISA) are cold, thus good prospects for H2 formation and subsequent collapse. We made a simple cloud model, calculating 21 cm line emission and absorption in each location, and predicting scaling factors for different atomic gas fractions. In parallel, assuming ideal gas relations, we analyzed gas properties in a HISA cloud complex in the Perseus spiral arm for different neutral atomic fraction values, using HI and CO radio spectral line survey data, and dust images from the Planck satellite. Combining these results with a commonly used dust scaling factor, we have mapped neutral atomic fraction and CO scaling factor values across the HISA complex, as well as maps of the amount of total hydrogen, HISA, H2, and dark H2. Our findings confirm that the Perseus HISA Complex is quite cold and mostly molecular, with significant dark gas likely. Future analyses will use higher angular resolution data and then consider other cold clouds. This research was supported by NASA KY EPSCoR RID award 3200004560-23-206.
9:45 - Helping students successfully integrate physics thinking with coding in Visual Python
First Author
Hannah Kramer
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Scott Bonham
Western Kentucky University
Computational thinking is recognized as an important skill for educators to help engineering and science students develop. However, many students in introductory physics have difficulties translating physics principles into functional code. Initially, we hypothesized that these difficulties were due to cognitive overload; however, our hypothesis has gone through revisions as we carried out interventions in University Physics I lab and lecture over the past two semesters. The key piece of both interventions was the implementation of worksheets where students first write out physics expressions algebraically and then translate to code. After analyzing student work on Visual Python (VPython) activities and survey responses, we believe that understanding how students frame (or mentally categorize) these activities, whether through a 'coding frame,' a 'physics frame,' or both, could better explain student difficulties. This has led us to revise activities in University Physics I to better encourage frame-shifting between physics and coding. We will share preliminary results from data collected from student work and observation of small groups working through the activities.
10:00 - Measurement of Muon Flux, Muon Lifetime and Fermi Coupling Constant Using a Cosmic Ray Muon Detector
First Author
Samia Mahmood
Bellarmine University
Co-author
Nathan Mayer
Bellarmine University
Co-author
Akhtar Mahmood
Bellarmine University
Muons produced from cosmic rays come to Earth from outer space, that originate outside the solar system from stellar/supernovae explosions in the Milky Way galaxy, called Galactic-Cosmic-Rays(GCRs). When primary cosmic rays (nuclei of hydrogen atoms. i.e. protons) traveling through the interstellar medium hit the Earth's atmosphere, it collide with a nuclei of the atmospheric gas molecules, producing many secondary particles, including charged pions, that decays into a muon and two muon-neutrinos via the weak force. These cosmic ray muons travel about 99.8% of the speed of light, so their lifetime is time dilated, and hence can be detected on Earth using a muon detector. We used a desktop Cosmic Ray Muon Detector(CRMD) that contains cylindrical scintillator pads, a photomultiplier tube, and a high voltage power source, connected to an external data acquisition module via a BNC cable. The muon detector's data was fed to a laptop via a USB cable which ran the muon data acquisition software. This software displayed the muon hits, the number of muon decay events and the muon decay rate. As muons enter the muon detector, they decay into an electron, an electron neutrino and an anti-electron neutrino inside the plastic scintillator. The scintillator excitedly emits light that is detected by the photomultiplier tube, which produces a logic signal that triggers a timing clock. Several experimental runs were conducted to determine the mean muon flux, mean muon lifetime, and the Fermi Coupling constant which is a measure of the strength of the weak force.
10:15 - The re-emerging of the Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxy WPVS 007 in X-rays
First Author
Dirk Grupe
Northern Kentucky University
I will give an update of the most recent re-emerging of the Broad Absorption Line Narrow Line Seyfert 1
galaxy WPVS 007 in X-rays in Summer 2023. WPVS 007 is a very unusual Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN). While it is a
low-luminosity, small black hole mass AGN, it exhibits variable, strong broad absorption lines in the UV that
are only seen otherwise in highly luminous, high black hole mass quasars, the Broad Absorption Line quasars (BAL QSOs).
What makes things even more puzzling is that the disappearance of BALs has been reported in about 3% of all BAL QSOs,
the strength of those BALs is weak. However, in WPVS 007 these BALs appear to be strong. WPVS 007 was discovered
more than 30 years ago in the ROSAT All-Sky X-ray Survey, but then dropped by a factor 400 and basically vanished from
the X-ray sky. It re-appeared again in Swift observations in 2010 and 2011, but then was gone again for about a decade.
Recently in June 2023, however, it re-emerged again.
galaxy WPVS 007 in X-rays in Summer 2023. WPVS 007 is a very unusual Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN). While it is a
low-luminosity, small black hole mass AGN, it exhibits variable, strong broad absorption lines in the UV that
are only seen otherwise in highly luminous, high black hole mass quasars, the Broad Absorption Line quasars (BAL QSOs).
What makes things even more puzzling is that the disappearance of BALs has been reported in about 3% of all BAL QSOs,
the strength of those BALs is weak. However, in WPVS 007 these BALs appear to be strong. WPVS 007 was discovered
more than 30 years ago in the ROSAT All-Sky X-ray Survey, but then dropped by a factor 400 and basically vanished from
the X-ray sky. It re-appeared again in Swift observations in 2010 and 2011, but then was gone again for about a decade.
Recently in June 2023, however, it re-emerged again.
10:45 - Determining the Global and Local Angles of Repose on a Bead Pile
First Author
Joshua Patel
Berea College
Co-author
Susan Lehman
College of Wooster
A conical bead pile is used as a model system to investigate critical systems. The pile is driven by dropping one bead at a time to the apex of the pile; over the course of a run, we drop at least 60,000 beads and we measure the avalanches that happen as a result. Here we are interested in the angle of repose of the pile, the angle of the pile surface with respect to the horizontal pile base. By taking side pictures of the pile after every drop, we can see the change in the pile's angle of repose over the entire pile as the run progresses. The previous analysis considered the average angle over the side of the pile, known as the global angle of repose. We observe that the global angle tends to increase and decrease as the pile mass increases and decreases, but the amount of change does not always correlate. Here we have added new resolution to the angle of repose measurements by breaking the image of the pile into three different sections, so that we can find the angle of repose separately in those different regions. This new local angle of repose is not uniform across the whole pile. Instead, each section changes in different ways that usually correlates to the section near it. For example, a decrease in the local angle at the top section (near the apex) can lead to increases in the local angle at the bottom section and a mass change. There are also changes where there will be a shift in the local angle but no decrease in mass. In the previous, global method, these trends were unobservable. With this new form of analysis, further research into the local angle could show patterns that may lead us to a prediction of when an avalanche may occur.
11:00 - Simulating the Galactic Magnetar Population
First Author
Joshua Ridley
Murray State University
Co-author
Cale Holan
Murray State University
We aim to determine the underlying physical properties of the roughly two dozen known magnetars in the Milky Way Galaxy by using Monte Carlo simulations. We constrain some parameters such as the initial spin period while we vary others in an attempt to obtain the most realistic model population. We discuss challenges that arise from the small sample size and present other issues related to our computer simulations.
11:15 - Doppler-free saturation absorption spectroscopy of the Q branch of CH4 ν3=1 band using a CW-OPO
First Author
S M Shah Riyadh
University Of Louisville
Co-author
Ian Jones
University Of Louisville
Co-author
Jinjun Liu
University Of Louisville
Co-author
Hamzeh Telfah
Ohio State University
We have developed an apparatus for mid-infrared Doppler-free saturation absorption spectroscopy, utilizing a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator (CW-OPO). In this study, we present a detailed spectral scan focusing on the Q branch transitions of the ν3=1 band of methane (CH4), showcasing an average linewidth (FWHM) of 4.5 MHz. The absolute frequency calibration was executed using the transition frequencies previously identified with optical frequency combs, with an etalon facilitating the relative frequency calibration. Our report details 12 transitions, revealing enhanced accuracies of 3 MHz. These refined measurements subsequently allow locking to a singular transition, facilitating access to higher polyads through a second photon via a transition, which can be measured through CW-CRDS.
11:30 - Multi-Messenger Astronomy: Technological Extension of our Five Senses
First Author
Richard Gelderman
Western Kentucky University
The term "Multi-Messenger Astronomy" is more than just jargon terminology. Learners in introductory science courses have been told that the light from the electromagnetic spectrum spans wavelengths/frequencies/energies that their eyes cannot observe, but that can be otherwise detected. Recently, detection of celestial objects has extended to neutrinos and gravitational waves. The first step to share these discoveries in an introductory classroom might be to explain that as technology allows us to extend our sense of SIGHT to other wavelengths of electromagnetic light, detection of gravitational waves is a high tech extension of our sense of HEARING and detection of neutrinos is an extension of our sense of SMELL.
11:45 - Searching for Primordial Uranus Trojans
First Author
Jeremy Wood
Hazard Community & Technical College
The stability of eight nominal fictitious Uranus Trojan orbits over the age of the Solar system has been measured. The initial inclinations, i0, were 0◦, 5◦, 15◦, and 30 relative to the ecliptic plane. Initial eccentricities ranged from 0 to 0.1 for i0 = 0◦, 5◦ and 0 to 0.2 for i0 = 15◦, 30◦. Half of the orbits were in the L4 swarm, and half were in the L5 swarm. Orbits in the L4 swarm had mean longitudes 8.8 from the nominal L4 Lagrange point, and orbits in the L5 swarm had mean longitudes 18.2 from the nominal L5 point. I integrated 10,000 massless clones per nominal orbit in the six-body problem (Sun, test particle, four giant planets) for 4.5 Gyr and calculated the half-life for each orbit.
A total of 1291 test particles survived for the entire integration time. Of these survivors, 99% were associated with the nominal orbit with i0 = 0◦ in the L4 swarm. These surviving test particles had initial eccentricities in the range e0 < 0.07. The half-lives associated with L4orbits were 1258 Myr, 286 Myr, 56 Myr, and 237 Myr for nominal orbits with i0 = 0◦, 5◦, 15◦, and 30◦, respectively. The half-lives associated with L5 orbits were 103 Myr, 281 Myr, 25 Myr, and 46 Myr, respectively. The overall results showed that the ecliptic plane is one good place to search for primordial Uranus Trojans.
A total of 1291 test particles survived for the entire integration time. Of these survivors, 99% were associated with the nominal orbit with i0 = 0◦ in the L4 swarm. These surviving test particles had initial eccentricities in the range e0 < 0.07. The half-lives associated with L4orbits were 1258 Myr, 286 Myr, 56 Myr, and 237 Myr for nominal orbits with i0 = 0◦, 5◦, 15◦, and 30◦, respectively. The half-lives associated with L5 orbits were 103 Myr, 281 Myr, 25 Myr, and 46 Myr, respectively. The overall results showed that the ecliptic plane is one good place to search for primordial Uranus Trojans.
9:00 - Stress Performance Evaluation (SPE): An Innovative Measure to Reduce Test Anxiety and Enhance Academic Achievement
First Author
Jenalee Hinds
Northern Kentucky University
Test anxiety can affect students' performance, especially those with learning disabilities (LD). Students with LD may experience stress during testing, leading to more frustration, fear, and anxiety. The stress induces a physiological response in the brain, which can increase cortisol, heart rate, and blood pressure, which may hinder academic performance. I developed a method to evaluate these stressors to analyze the best scenarios for individuals during testing, which I named the stress performance evaluation (SPE) method. SPE takes into account the correct answers and the percent of change in heart rate (heart rate before and after testing). To validate the SPE method, three students were used to quantify how different testing scenarios affect children with LD, their stress levels, and the best placement for testing. All students showed a significantly higher heart rate in a large group using paper and pencil than in a small group using a computer. SPE holds the potential to enhance future testing parameters, enabling a deeper exploration of factors influencing the academic performance of students in K-12, and can hold valuable insights for students in higher education and beyond.
9:15 - Flavin-Based Electron Bifurcation in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
First Author
Olivia Poczatek
Georgetown College
Co-author
Anne-Frances Miller
University of Kentucky
Electron bifurcation (EB) is a reversible redox reaction that is an efficient part of bioenergetic and biocatalytic pathways. It has two types: quinone-based (QBEB) and flavin-based (FBEB). FBEB occurs solely in bacteria and has been important in learning how these microorganisms conserve their energy. The process for studying FBEB included growing bacteria with the gene of interest on antibiotic plates, purifying their plasmids, inserting this gene into expressing bacteria, and expressing that gene. This was studied over a 16-week period, and the bacteria observed was Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, whose genes were commonly inserted into Escherichia Coli as the expressing bacteria. Because this is a more recent area of study, there is some uncertainty about how these electron bifurcation enzymes function and not much literature on certain flavoproteins involved in this process. No significant results have been found as of these past 16 weeks. The hope for studying this topic is to find a way to create synthetic electron-bifurcating machines and publish discovery literature on monomeric electron transfer flavoproteins.
9:30 - Understanding the Impact of Environmental Pollution on Brain and Vascular Systems on the Zebrafish Model, Danio Rerio.
First Author
Vivianna Weaver
Gatton Academy
D. Rerio are commonly utilized to evaluate environmental pollution effects on human health, due to their genetics and structure being similar to those in humans. Significant disruptions can be seen when exposed to a class of chemicals known as dioxins. One type of dioxin, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), activates the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor through a ligand-activated response. This activation triggers disruption in DNA sequencing and gene expression. Our study evaluated the effects of this gene-expression disruption on D. Rerio cerebral vasculature and lymphatics. We concluded that both the vascular and lymphatic endothelium are disrupted in TCDD-exposed embryos and that brain lymphatics are not developed at the same time point as the vasculature in D. Rerio. These findings indicate that TCDD may trigger gene-expression disruption in the human model and potentially have effects on the vasculature of the human brain.
9:45 - Determining the role of the tRNA methyltransferase Trm7:Trm734 in repression of TY1 elements in yeast
First Author
Natalie Creech
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Ruofei Ding
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Emma Nasipova
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Holly Funk
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Michael Guy
Northern Kentucky University
Post-transcriptional tRNA modifications are required for efficient protein translation. In yeast, the Trm7 methyltransferase forms a complex with Trm734 to modify tRNA at position 34. In humans, mutations in the TRM7 homolog FTSJ1 cause intellectual disability. In yeast, TY1 retrotransposons can integrate into new sites throughout the genome, leading to damage of once-functional genes. In a previous screen, TRM7 and TRM734 were identified as being involved in repression of TY1 transposition, although it is unclear whether this effect is direct. We hypothesize that loss of these genes leads to increased TY1 transposition due to defects in the translation of other genes involved in limiting TY1 transposition. We analyzed codon content of genes known to suppress TY1 transposition and selected genes with higher than expected Phe codon content, because Trm7 and Trm734 modify tRNAPhe. To test expression levels, tagged proteins of interest will be transformed into strains lacking TRM7 and TRM734. Expression of the TY1-associated genes will be compared to that in wild type strains. We are also testing genetic interactions to determine if TRM7 and TRM734 are indirectly involved in TY1 transposition. We aim to better understand the role of Trm7 and Trm734 in the translation of Phe-rich genes.
10:00 - The Effects of Temperature Changes on Habituation of Crayfish Tail Response
First Author
Jiwoo Kim
Model Laboratory School
Global climate change is rapidly occurring and influencing animal survival. Some geographical areas are warming while others are cooling, and such extreme changes are putting evolutionary pressure on various species. To understand the potential survival and invasiveness, crayfish of various species from diverse environmental habitats were used as model animals in this study to address fitness by survival (death), as well as effects on escape reflexes in various temperatures. The model animals used in this study were Australian crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus), which survive well in warm conditions; the North American crayfish (Orconectes virilus), which live naturally in cooler areas; and the Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), which are invasive and live in a wide range of temperatures. The results of this study will show how escape reflexes (i.e. tail flip response) are affected by temperature for each of these three species and provide insight on how extreme temperature changes may affect overall survival. This study is also important for understanding the invasiveness of crayfish and how neural adaptations can account for potential survival from predation.
10:15 - Urobilin, formed from Bilirubin Catabolism, is Associated with Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance in Humans
First Author
Zachary Kipp
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Mei Xu
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Evelyn Bates
Unviersity of Kentucky
Co-author
Wang-Hsin Lee
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Terry Hinds
University of Kentucky
Plasma bilirubin levels are maintained by a balance between synthesis (BVRA) and catabolism (UGT1A1). For unknown reasons bilirubin is lower in the obese which may be due to the increased hepatic expression of UGT1A1, which conjugates bilirubin for excretion in the liver through the bile system. After conjugation bilirubin travels to the intestine where gut microbiota remove the conjugation and modify the structure to produce urobilin which can be reabsorbed via the hepatic portal system. Urobilin's physiological function is currently unknown, but it has been previously linked to increases in visceral obesity and acute myocardial infraction. The purpose of this study is to determine if there is correlation between bilirubin and urobilin compared to markers of adiposity and insulin resistance in lean and obese humans. We hypothesized that bilirubin would decrease and urobilin would increase in the plasma of obese humans. We found that plasma levels of urobilin and bilirubin are inversely correlated. Urobilin levels were positively associated with adiposity and insulin resistance in females. Urobilin was only correlated with adiposity in males. This could be due the obese male group not having a significantly increased HOMA IR compared the lean males. In both female and males, plasma bilirubin levels are negatively associated with adiposity as expected. We determined that bilirubin and urobilin are maintained at inverse levels and bilirubin is associated with improved adiposity while urobilin is associated with worsened adiposity and insulin resistance.
10:30 - Effects of Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibition on Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease in Mice
First Author
Ashton Reed
Georgetown College
Co-author
Irina Kirpich
University of Louisville
Co-author
Dennis Warner
University of Louisville
Alcohol-associated liver disease is a life-threatening disorder that affects many across the world. There is currently no FDA-approved therapy for this disease, which is the fourth leading cause of death within the United States. This study aims to better understand the mechanism behind this disease and to identify therapies that could lessen damage to the liver due to alcohol consumption. Previous studies indicate that the presence of omega 3 fatty acids reduces alcohol-associated liver damage. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of a supplement that maintains a high omega 3 fatty acid concentration by inhibiting epoxide hydrolase. Mice were fed a diet with either the presence or absence of alcohol. Then, a subset of mice was treated with the experimental supplement.
Our results revealed that there was no significant change in the concentration of fatty acids in the presence or absence of the supplement. Furthermore, we did not detect a significant difference in the level of liver damage after treatment with the supplement. We plan to continue this study by using RNA sequencing to identify critical gene expression patterns in alcohol-associated liver disease.
Our results revealed that there was no significant change in the concentration of fatty acids in the presence or absence of the supplement. Furthermore, we did not detect a significant difference in the level of liver damage after treatment with the supplement. We plan to continue this study by using RNA sequencing to identify critical gene expression patterns in alcohol-associated liver disease.
9:00 - The TRUE ACCCESS Story
First Author
Amanda Brockman
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Madhura Kulkarni
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Charlisa Daniels
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Kenneth Simonson
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Nicole Dillard
University of Minnesota
Co-author
Christine Curran
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Betty Russell
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Diane Williams
Northern Kentucky University
TRUE ACCCESS ("TRansfer & Underrepresented minority Experiences for Autonomy, Competence, Connection, and Career: Enhancing Systemic change in STEM") is a new programmatic and research effort at Northern Kentucky University (NKU) supported by the National Science Foundation. Its overall goal is to design, implement, and assess a structure and programming to increase direct participation of underrepresented minority (URM) and transfer students in STEM research and professionalization as measured using several metrics including retention, graduation, and transition to careers. The three objectives are to 1) build on existing student supports by creating and assessing new structures and programs for supporting URM and transfer students as they prepare for post-graduate careers, 2) offer faculty and staff professional development to more inclusively and expertly facilitate URM and transfer students' successful transitions to post-graduate careers, and 3) connect units and people across campus in support of objectives 1 and 2 into a sustainable infrastructure. The TRUE ACCCESS program is in its first year (of five). Its first cohort of 27 students was recently welcomed to NKU's campus and has begun programmatic activities. This presentation will tell the story of: 1) how TRUE ACCCESS came about, 2) the project's key objectives, 3) the approach to meeting these objectives, 4) the theoretical frameworks undergirding the project's strategic decisions, and 5) the current state of the project. Given that the project is currently in its early stages, any results presented will be preliminary. Feedback will be solicited from the audience that may impact future directions of the project.
9:15 - Taking Community Partnerships to the Next Level
First Author
Tina Brouwer Kraska
Red Oaks Forest School
The University of Kentucky, Red Oaks Forest School, and KidsMakeIt have joined forces to offer a unique and nature-immersive program to high-school students in the Lexington area. Our presentation will share details about our partnership, our experience, outcomes for the first two years, and tips on how to leverage community partners to increase the impact of your Department's ability to advance Science education in the community.
9:30 - The Fragile X Syndrome Project: Replacing the Cumulative Final with an Authentic Assessment
First Author
Meredith Eckstein
Georgetown College
It's no secret that professors dread grading a cumulative final just as much as students dread taking one. In my upper-level Genetics course, I wanted to assess my students' comprehensive knowledge of the material without giving them another exam. Toward that goal, I created the Fragile X Syndrome Project – an authentic and engaging end-of-semester activity. Fragile X Syndrome is the most common heritable cause of intellectual disability. It is influenced by several genetic factors, making it an excellent case study throughout the course. At the end of the semester, students are asked to operate as a genetic counselor, describing the genetic basis of Fragile X Syndrome to an imaginary set of parents who have just received this diagnosis for their son. This project allows students to demonstrate their comprehensive knowledge in a manner that is authentic to how they would apply the content in their future careers. Beyond applying the genetic content, students also have a chance to practice the empathy, compassion, and clear communication they'll need as healthcare professionals. This authentic assessment has been effective at measuring student knowledge, while also developing skills beyond just content retention.
9:45 - Can centicubes measure up? Comparing simulated exponential decay curves for teaching radioactivity and half-life.
First Author
Alexandria Black
Craft Academy for Excellence in Science and Mathematics
Co-author
Wilson Gonzalez-Espada
Morehead State University
Centicubes have been a common manipulative in elementary and middle school classrooms to teach counting, addition, subtraction, fractions, ratios, and proportions. Since each cube has a length of one centimeter and a standard mass of one gram, they have also been used to teach metric length, area, volume, and mass. Due to their availability, simplicity and low cost, we propose using centicubes as an analogue to investigate radioactive decay rates, a topic taught first in physics and later applied in the context of the earth science standard that describes radiometric dating.
After summarizing several ways to simulate radioactive decay in a classroom environment, we describe the use of multiple controlled trials modeling decays with short, medium, and long half-lives with both centicubes and dice. We completed a statistical goodness-of-fit test to compare their various exponential curves and empirically demonstrate the extent of their similarity. Implications for classroom instruction will be discussed.
After summarizing several ways to simulate radioactive decay in a classroom environment, we describe the use of multiple controlled trials modeling decays with short, medium, and long half-lives with both centicubes and dice. We completed a statistical goodness-of-fit test to compare their various exponential curves and empirically demonstrate the extent of their similarity. Implications for classroom instruction will be discussed.
10:00 - Career persistence of female Puerto Rican PhD scientists a decade after graduation: Preliminary findings
First Author
Wilson Gonzalez-Espada
Morehead State University
Co-author
Joan Roque-Peña
University of Puerto Rico Cayey Campus
The literature has reported that women of color are underrepresented across all STEM levels, from college to careers. However, the umbrella term "Women of Color" may mask potential disparities and hindrances to successful STEM careers for specific sub-groups. Therefore, it is important to consider the interconnections between the social and political factors, or intersectionalities, that Latina women have. To better understand the unique factors that could push women of color, more specifically, Latina women away from STEM or impact those who eventually became STEM professionals, researchers must seek and make sense of their lived experiences.
This pilot study used a mixed methods approach to learn more about STEM persistence and attrition from the perspective of mid-career Puerto Rican women who completed their Ph.D. in STEM at the University of Puerto Rico. While a survey identified demographic and career backgrounds of these professionals, a semi-structured interview allowed the participants to reflect on the role of gender, ethnicity, skin color, and sexual orientation, if any, in their trajectory after their doctorate. They also shared the people and events that made a positive difference in their lives and advice for young Latinas interested in STEM.
This pilot study used a mixed methods approach to learn more about STEM persistence and attrition from the perspective of mid-career Puerto Rican women who completed their Ph.D. in STEM at the University of Puerto Rico. While a survey identified demographic and career backgrounds of these professionals, a semi-structured interview allowed the participants to reflect on the role of gender, ethnicity, skin color, and sexual orientation, if any, in their trajectory after their doctorate. They also shared the people and events that made a positive difference in their lives and advice for young Latinas interested in STEM.
10:15 - Noyce Internship at the Kentucky Science Center: Inspiring STEM Students to Pursue a Career in STEM Teaching
First Author
Akhtar Mahmood
Bellarmine University
Co-author
Kristin Cook
Bellarmine University
Co-author
Cody Nygard
Bellarmine University
To address the critical shortage of certified STEM teachers in Kentucky, Bellarmine University has formed a partnership with the Kentucky Science Center to inspire the next generation of STEM students to pursue a career in STEM teaching. Kentucky Science Center is advancing a statewide science literacy campaign to encourage people of all ages to explore science in everyday life and to reach all audiences through its mission to do hand-on science in ways that are engaging, educational, and entertaining. Funded by the Noyce Track-1 grant, six undergraduate STEM students from Bellarmine University completed a four-week internship in STEM education in July 2023 at the Kentucky Science Center in an informal setting. All six Noyce interns were minority students. Each intern took part in four different summer camp activities. Under the guidance and supervision by the Kentucky Science Center staff, the interns assisted with facilitating the lesson plans and activities for each summer camp session. The Interns used the engineering design processes, inquiry-based learning, Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) to conduct these summer camps. Additionally, these interns provided guidance to camp counselors in the summer camp classrooms. The Noyce interns took part in multiple surveys and post-internship interviews that were conducted both by Bellarmine University's Noyce project team and the Kentucky Science Center's staff. The data were collectively used to determine their interest in pursuing a career in STEM teaching and to gauge how well they would perform in a diverse classroom setting as a middle or high school teacher.
10:45 - The Survey of Meteorology Concepts: Identifying weather misconceptions at the postsecondary level
First Author
Matthew Mynk
Craft Academy for Excellence in Science and Mathematics
Co-author
Wilson Gonzalez-Espada
Morehead State University
Co-author
Louis Cascino
Dept. of Physics and Meteorology, USAF Academy, CO
Co-author
Nathaniel George
Dept. of Physics and Meteorology, USAF Academy, CO
Co-author
Daniel O'Keefe
Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Air Force Base, AL
Co-author
Kimberly de La Harpe
Dept. of Physics and Meteorology, USAF Academy, CO
Co-author
Cristopher Francis
Dept. of Physics and Meteorology, USAF Academy, CO
Interactions with the weather is an aspect of life that all people experience daily, however, many have misconceived notions about the systems that control our lower atmosphere. Reports indicate these misconceptions, or deviations from conceptions defined by members of a given field, are born from previous experiences and incorrect teachings from childhood. These untrue assumptions can become further entrenched when they are encountered often and through multiple means. Air Force cadets need to have correct knowledge about weather systems, as they will eventually work with airborne technologies.
The purpose of this study is to describe the psychometric design, development, and validation of the Survey of Meteorology Concepts (SMC) as a pre- and post-survey to identify to what extent weather misconceptions exist among post-secondary civilian students and cadets. Concepts like reliability, item difficulty, item discrimination, confidence indexes, and differential item functioning will be described in the context of the SMC.
The purpose of this study is to describe the psychometric design, development, and validation of the Survey of Meteorology Concepts (SMC) as a pre- and post-survey to identify to what extent weather misconceptions exist among post-secondary civilian students and cadets. Concepts like reliability, item difficulty, item discrimination, confidence indexes, and differential item functioning will be described in the context of the SMC.
11:00 - Meteorology misconceptions held by college students in a general education earth science class.
First Author
Kaitlyn Nelson
Rowan County Senior High School
Co-author
Jennifer O’Keefe
Morehead State University
Co-author
Md. Golam Kibria
Morehead State University
Co-author
Wilson González-Espada
Morehead State University
One of the goals of K-12 science education is to help future citizens become scientifically literate, that is, they should be able to understand science concepts and how science creates evidence, assess its significance, and make informed decisions based on this information. Since weather is one of the natural events people are constantly exposed to, meteorology literacy is of critical importance. However, researchers have noted that the public has a limited understanding of how the atmosphere works, what conditions can result in weather risks, how to interpret forecasts and warnings correctly, and what are the implications of certain atmospheric events, both short- and long-term.
To promote weather literacy, one crucial step is to assess the meteorology knowledge of college students completing general education earth science courses. However, measuring how much correct information and misconceptions they hold is difficult without a validated survey. From this, there comes a need for a standardized survey that can produce valid and reliable information.
The purpose of this study is to identify to what extent weather misconceptions previously held by college students persist after completing ESS 102. This will be achieved by examining the psychometric statistics from the pre- and post-survey data that will also be used to validate the study.
To promote weather literacy, one crucial step is to assess the meteorology knowledge of college students completing general education earth science courses. However, measuring how much correct information and misconceptions they hold is difficult without a validated survey. From this, there comes a need for a standardized survey that can produce valid and reliable information.
The purpose of this study is to identify to what extent weather misconceptions previously held by college students persist after completing ESS 102. This will be achieved by examining the psychometric statistics from the pre- and post-survey data that will also be used to validate the study.
11:15 - What misconceptions do future elementary science teachers have about the weather?
First Author
Ivy Litton
Rowan County Senior High School
Co-author
Jennifer O’Keefe
Morehead State University
Co-author
Md. Golam Kibria
Morehead State University
Co-author
Wilson González-Espada
Morehead State University
When planning to enter the field of education, future teachers must have a thorough understanding of the content that they are preparing to teach. Otherwise, there is a risk that they will not be able to adequately educate their students on a given subject. In the field of meteorology in particular, researchers have shown that teachers often have misconceptions regarding weather patterns and terminology. With the implementation of the weather-related KY Science Standards in Kindergarten (K-ESS2-1; K-ESS3-2), 3rd grade (3-ESS2-1; 3-ESS2-2; 3-ESS3-1) and 5th grade (5-ESS2-1), and their emphasis away from simple memorization and more on evidence-driven investigation and models, it is imperative that teachers have as few misconceptions as possible to give their students a strong foundational understanding of weather conditions vital to their daily lives.
The purpose of this study is to identify to what extent weather misconceptions persist after a group of 19 college students complete ESS 112, a course for future K-5 science educators, as measured by their performance on a recently created Survey of Meteorology Concepts. By examining participant data using psychometric statistics, the pre- and post-survey data will also be used to validate this survey.
The purpose of this study is to identify to what extent weather misconceptions persist after a group of 19 college students complete ESS 112, a course for future K-5 science educators, as measured by their performance on a recently created Survey of Meteorology Concepts. By examining participant data using psychometric statistics, the pre- and post-survey data will also be used to validate this survey.
11:30 - Using Google Forms as a Free Clicker Response System for Real-Time and Post-Lecture Assessment
First Author
Matthew Williams
Murray State University
In contemporary education, real-time formative assessment is an invaluable resource. It serves as a vital tool that enables instructors and students to gauge learning progress and allows instructors to adapt their teaching strategies accordingly. Traditional clicker systems, while effective, often come with constraints related to cost and accessibility. This presentation introduces an innovative alternative: using Google Forms as a free, robust, and accessible clicker response system. Leveraging the ubiquity of smartphones and laptops, Google Forms offers a cost-effective and convenient platform for real-time student engagement. Unique to the presenter's implementation is a feature that allows students to resubmit missed questions post-lecture, thereby incentivizing them to revisit and master the material. Participants will leave equipped with the practical knowledge required to integrate this cost-free tool into their educational approach.
11:45 - Experiential interactions in quantitative general education courses at a military academy: Impact on STEM attrition
First Author
Wilson Gonzalez-Espada
Morehead State University
Co-author
Scott Alsid
Dept. of Physics and Meteorology, USAF Academy, CO
Co-author
Daniel O'Keefe
Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Air Force Base, AL
Co-author
David Meier
Dept. of Physics and Meteorology, USAF Academy, CO
Co-author
Christopher Francis
Dept. of Physics and Meteorology, USAF Academy, CO
A group of researchers at the U.S. Air Force Academy (USAFA) has been examining STEM attrition data in search of interventions that will identify at-risk cadets and minimize cadets departing from STEM majors. This study focused on the academic and non-academic factors linked to STEM attrition from the perspective of USAFA cadets in the Humanities and Social Sciences Divisions, where the non-STEM majors are offered. This group was selected because previous research demonstrated that many of these cadets were "STEM-interested" at some point in time, and many originally were part of the Basic Sciences and Engineering Divisions.
After analyzing a survey administered to cadets in October 2022, the researcher found that the three most impactful factors related to STEM attrition included the instructors' accelerated pacing of instruction, the limitations of time and effort due to multiple workloads (academic, military, and physical readiness), and the classroom experience in Calculus I & II. Push factors disparities between lower-income vs. higher-income families, cadets who attended vs. did not attend Preparatory schools, and cadets from minority backgrounds vs. Caucasian cadets were identified. Cadet feedback to prevent STEM attrition will be discussed.
After analyzing a survey administered to cadets in October 2022, the researcher found that the three most impactful factors related to STEM attrition included the instructors' accelerated pacing of instruction, the limitations of time and effort due to multiple workloads (academic, military, and physical readiness), and the classroom experience in Calculus I & II. Push factors disparities between lower-income vs. higher-income families, cadets who attended vs. did not attend Preparatory schools, and cadets from minority backgrounds vs. Caucasian cadets were identified. Cadet feedback to prevent STEM attrition will be discussed.
A&S 1 - A view into collaborative methods between minority organizations and archivists at the University of Kentucky
First Author
Claudia Elizabeth Benito
University of Kentucky
This poster examines the white and male-dominated narrative promoted in the archives. Archivists hold the power to record and contribute to what is included in the archives. The lack of descriptions and identifiers causes archivists to define materials to the best of their ability. A third party is then creating historical notes that may not be complete and the materials lose, to some extent, their meaning and value. This becomes even more problematic when the materials have originated from or highlight minority individuals or groups. Particular language, or lack thereof, can make locating and understanding these materials more difficult for future generations. For example, Latino, Hispanic, and other multicultural groups have existed throughout the history of the University of Kentucky. The difficulty of locating materials concerning these groups is due in part to the complete absence of them in the archives. The other part of this task comes from the language archivists have used to describe the materials. To remedy this issue, the positionality of the archivist must be representative of the materials being added to the archives. Collaborative methods between past and present students and university archivists will create a more holistic history of these types of organizations. This research will emphasize the need to push participatory methods to get minority individuals and groups to contribute their stories through their voices to university archives and establish their role in university history.
A&S 8 - Dance and equity: a brief inquiry into accessibility to dance
First Author
S. Willow Rose
University of Kentucky
Dance is an art form that has been used worldwide to express a multitude of things and connect people with one another. Alongside this, it has a wide variety of therapeutic qualities to help dancers and people alike to build a strong mind-body connection and relationships. Reflecting on the great aspects of dance shed light into its problematic past and present. Dance in the United States is full of exclusion, marginalization of the 'other,' and biases based on socioeconomic class. These factors oftentimes greatly limit people's access to dance.
This poster utilizes autoethnographic research following my life as a lower income dancer from Appalachia and will review literature regarding in/accessibility of dance in order to call into question the ways in which the discipline excludes and sidelines minoritized dancers, especially poor and working class dancers and dancers of color. Anthropological research into cultures of exclusion and barriers is the first step into understanding and breaking these troubled traditions in order to make way for healthier generations in the long run.
This poster utilizes autoethnographic research following my life as a lower income dancer from Appalachia and will review literature regarding in/accessibility of dance in order to call into question the ways in which the discipline excludes and sidelines minoritized dancers, especially poor and working class dancers and dancers of color. Anthropological research into cultures of exclusion and barriers is the first step into understanding and breaking these troubled traditions in order to make way for healthier generations in the long run.
A&S 5 - Economic Reasons Underlying Transactional Sex among Rural and Urban Women
First Author
Shawn Jamison
Berea College
Co-author
Megan Dickson
University of Kentucky
Despite literature highlighting characteristics that increase the likelihood of women engaging in transactional sex, there remains a limited understanding of exchange sex specifically among rural women. This oversight in the literature is noteworthy given the limited availability of healthcare in rural areas and the known public health implications of transactional sex, including the spread of HIV/HCV. To fill this gap, the current study aims to examine differences in economic need between rural and urban women who have transactional sex. Participants were women (N=348) recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk who completed an online survey between October 2021 and June 2022. Using a series of bivariate analyses, rural participants (n=100) were compared to urban participants (n=248). In the past year, rural women were significantly more likely than their urban counterparts to report starting a relationship to better provide for dependents (45.0% vs. 30.2%; p=.009), and having sex with a non-regular partner in order to afford things (47.0% vs. 33.5%; p=.018) or to pay for expenses such as housing (48.0% vs. 32.7%; p=.007). Results suggest that financial need, especially for rural women, is associated with transactional sex, highlighting the need for improved social services or interventions to address economic deprivation among rural women.
A&S 4 - Marginalization and Everyday Life among Ancient and Contemporary Maya
First Author
Josie Gallegos
University of Kentucky
This research, based on review of the literature, focuses on what can be learned about everyday life for the most marginalized among the ancient Maya, and the daily chores of these households. Jobs and responsibilities based on gender and age will be discussed as well as what can be learned about meals and other daily activities. The presentation will also focus on economic and spatial marginalization of contemporary Maya who are often supporting tourism featuring the Ancient Maya within a dominant narrative of their disappearance. An attempt will be made to connect everyday life activities for ancient and current Maya in the context of the Yucatan Peninsula and the reinterpretation – often romanticized and seldom decolonized - of Mayan life for the tourism industry.
A&S 3 - Parenting from prison: literacy's potential for agentive connection
First Author
Aliyah Edelstein
University of Kentucky
With the population of incarcerated women rising over six times more than in 1980, many of them have the unique struggle of mothering from behind bars. The majority of those incarcerated have at least one child under the age of 18, necessitating caregiving arrangements outside the prison system. These mothers face many barriers in maintaining strong parenting connections with their children, as do other incarcerated parents. This poster investigates the marginalized effect of incarceration on parenthood and the continuing surveillance of formerly incarcerated parents and children, and the potential of literacy programs to provide connection between them by being both a way to effectively communicate while also being an empowerment strategy. By examining results of literacy programs such as Changing Lives Through Literature, Anne Fowell Stanford's Poetry Class, and Women's Storybook Project, this project looks at how these programs are supporting incarcerated women and their children and suggests ways to incorporate and expand a set or culmination of productive literacy programs into the Kentucky prison systems. Recognizing the limited access to these opportunities in Kentucky prisons, this provides meaningful contributions to the welfare of incarcerated parents and their children, ultimately striving for a more just and compassionate correctional system.
A&S 9 - Sidewalks, postholes, and glass bottles: Digging beneath the University of Kentucky's campus
First Author
Elena Sesma
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Laura McDonald
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Emilyn Williams
University of Kentucky
The University of Kentucky Campus Archaeology Project began in summer 2022 as a course in archaeological field methods. This fall marks its second season. The project focuses primarily on a late-19th century house and surrounding lot on the periphery of campus. The building has served as a private family home, student housing, and eventually became university office and classroom space. Our research explores the transformation of the campus footprint in one of Lexington's historic neighborhoods and the everyday materiality of a turn of the century Lexingtonian household. How can archaeological methods reveal the changing structure of buildings and landscaping as the university expanded in the mid-twentieth century? What evidence remains of the former residents of this house prior to its incorporation into the campus? The research is ongoing, but this poster presents some preliminary findings and reflections on this field season. We also explore ways that a campus archaeology project can incorporate student stakeholder voices in research design, and better equip the university to understand the cultural resources it stewards.
A&S 7 - Social Determinants of Health and Cancer Screening among Hispanic Adults in Kentucky
First Author
Veronica Rojas
Asbury University/University of Kentucky
Co-author
Juan Canedo
University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center
Co-author
Jessica Amezcua
University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center
Co-author
Andrea Hernandez Gonzalez
University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center
Co-author
Pamela Hull
University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center
Cancer is the #2 leading cause of death in the U.S. population but #1 in the U.S. Hispanic population, often diagnosed at more advanced stages. Little data exists on cancer needs in the Kentucky (KY) Hispanic population. This study assessed social determinants of health and cancer screening in KY Hispanics. An observational cross-sectional survey design used a convenience sample of Hispanic adults living in KY. Ninety-one surveys were collected (89 in Spanish, 2 in English). About two-thirds were women, nearly three-quarters had a high school education or less, over half earned under $3,000 monthly, and most respondents were less than 45 years old. Most participants were uninsured. Uninsured respondents were less likely to have a regular doctor and more likely to avoid care due to cost. Furthermore, half of age-eligible women for breast cancer screening had never gotten a mammogram, and over three-quarters of respondents 45 years and older had never gotten a colorectal cancer screening. This study showed that social determinants of health negatively impact the KY Hispanic population's healthcare access and cancer screening rates. The limitations of our study were that we had a convenience sample, a small sample size, and the data are not yet representative of most KY counties. We plan to finish collecting surveys from 500 people across KY and distribute the results to community members and organizations. Given the young age distribution of the KY Hispanic population, we will also plan efforts to target this population for cancer prevention and cancer screenings.
A&S 10 - The ancient brilliance of the Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks, a World Heritage Site
First Author
Riley Simmons
University of Kentucky
Between 1,600 and 2,000 years ago, Native Americans of the Ohio River Valley constructed the Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks, recently named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The earthworks are now recognized internationally for their mastery in landscape architecture, geometric precision, and astronomical alignments. The material remains recovered from these sacred sites give insight to the culture of the Hopewell world. This poster will explore what role these earthworks played in the daily life of the Hopewell culture for ceremonial purposes, social organization, and cosmology. Archaeological research and excavations have revealed the significance of these special sites as places of pilgrimage for American Indians from across eastern North America. This poster will also discuss the impact of these earthworks and their addition to the World Heritage List on the descendants of the Hopewell. Although some of the mounds were unfortunately destroyed by plowing, they are now protected by their World Heritage status. Visitors from all over the world are attracted to witness the brilliance of the ancient Moundbuilders of the Ohio Valley.
A&S 11 - Toward a model of Disabled-Appalachian activist affordances
First Author
Mack Thompson
University of Kentucky
This poster brings together literature from the fields of disability anthropology and the anthropology of Appalachia to propose a framework of Disabled-Appalachian agency and affordances. Appalachia has long been constructed as a disabled region: both literally, as a so-called 'disability belt,' and semiotically, as a region 'crippled' by extraction and exploitation. However, Appalachian Studies literature often avoids discussions of Disability as an embodied sociocultural phenomenon, and Disability Studies tends to focus on urban centers and generally avoid discussion of rural and Appalachian Disabled life. The emerging field of Appalachian Disability Studies seeks to challenge the gap in literature, seeing acknowledgement of and research into the intersections of Disabled and Appalachian experiences as critical to understanding and improving the conditions of Disabled people, Appalachians, and especially Disabled-Appalachian people. A lot of this research has been around Disabled-Appalachian hardship and, although these discussions are incredibly important, it is essential to also discuss empowerment and agency, and to disrupt the narrative of Disabled Appalachians as inactive recipients of systemic discrimination. In such, this poster draws together Arseli Dokumaci's theory of activist affordances, discourses of Appalachian dual-consciousness, and findings from the Disabled in Kentucky Oral History Project in order to propose a framework of Disabled-Appalachian activist affordance and to further understand how Disabled-Appalachian people resist systemic ableism and Anti-Appalachian prejudice, and to move toward the mutual, intersecting liberations of Disabled and Appalachian peoples.
A&S 2 - Tribal Sovereignty and Environmental Sustainability: A Path Toward Justice
First Author
Rosie Davila
University of Kentucky
This article explores the relationship between economic pressures, land dispossession and access, and lack of resources in Native American tribes in the US. I explore how these issues sometimes push tribes to the "brink," ceding some or all their land for destructive activities like nuclear waste dumping, specifically on Diné (Navajo) land. This article also explores the complex issue of tribal sovereignty and how tribes are not always ensured total control over their land. The cases of nuclear waste dumping on Diné land and the Dakota Access Pipeline illustrate the need for better laws surrounding the issue of land rights for tribes, so that land is not taken away without the tribe's permission. Furthermore, I work to address how tribes can have access to viable economic opportunities that would allow greater health for all. The intersection between tribal sovereignty and decolonization is also addressed. I explore how appropriate legal representation and legal reform, especially concerning laws relating to tribal sovereignty, can address these issues and result in a more just future for Native American tribes in the US and across the world.
A&S 6 - Why Kentucky? An investigation into how the land itself shaped settlement in the state
First Author
Lucy O'Neill
University of Kentucky
Kentucky is known for coal, bourbon, horses, blue grass, caves, tobacco and so much more. The geology and ecology of the state has shaped where its people live and what they do. This paper is a preliminary investigation into these influences, attempting to compile information from geologic and topographic maps, the occurrences of and uses for native plants, groundwater and basin data, patterns and perspectives of indigenous peoples, and oral histories from Kentucky natives to answer the question of why people move to and stay in Kentucky.
CMB 24 - Antiproliferative Effects of Kentucky Native and Naturalized Sage Extracts Against Breast Cancers
First Author
Allison Portaro
University of Louisville
Co-author
Jared Scott
University of Louisville
Co-author
David Schultz
University of Louisville
Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in adults, with 2.3 million new cases worldwide in 2020, and thus it is critical to continue developing new and improved therapeutic treatments. Plants have been used in traditional medicine and are a potential source of pharmaceuticals. One example is The Salvia genus, commonly known as the sage family, and is the largest genus in Lamiaceae (mint) family. A common sage native to Kentucky is Salvia lyrata (lyre-leaved sage) which has a history of Native American use treating cancers and other ailments. Ethanolic extracts were produced from the leaves of S. lyrata, S. lyrata 'Purple Knockout,' and Salvia officinalis (common sage, a naturalized European plant now commonly found in Kentucky) and assessed for effects in breast cell proliferation using MTT assays for three breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, BT474, and T47D). Ethanol extracts of S. officinalis had the greatest impact on cell proliferation when compared to both S. lyrata extracts. Further, this extract was most effective against the triple negative MDA-MB-231 cell line compared to the other two cell lines. More detailed studies are ongoing to determine the active components and mechanism of inhibition for this extract in triple negative breast cancer cells.
CMB 13 - Assessing the Involvement of Certain Neuronal Migration Genes During Tumor Metastasis in Drosophila
First Author
Annah Hopkins
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Dr. Ajay Srivastava
Western Kentucky University
Neurons migrate to different locations by certain cues in the axonal guidance pathway. The hypothesis of this project includes certain genes in neuronal migration are utilized in tumor metastasis. Current testing is being conducted utilizing Drosophila melanogaster as the model, for it is a good genetic model that also possesses a technique to visualize tumors, the mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) technique. Overexpression of Ras oncogene along with mutations in a cell polarity gene result in tumor metastasis. The genetic technique utilized here labels the tumors with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) for easy visualization. The cephalic complexes - a structure that contains various tissues in the larval head region - will be dissected from day 8 to 10 larvae. The tumor bearing and control samples are then stained utilizing antibodies for the expression of the neuronal migration genes. Utilizing fluorescence, and confocal microscopy, the upregulation or downregulations of these genes will be assessed. Our hypothesis will be supported by results where the neuronal migration genes are upregulated or downregulated. It is expected that this project will shed light on whether or not these neuronal migration genes are utilized in tumor metastasis.
CMB 18 - c-Jun protein expression in the regenerating lamprey spinal cord
First Author
Albert-Presley Mbanfu
The Gatton Academy
Co-author
Hilary Katz
Western Kentucky University
In most mammals, a spinal cord injury often results in permanent motor and sensory deficits due to their inability to regenerate their central nervous system. However, some vertebrates, like the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), regenerate their spinal cord and recover motor function. The lamprey spinal cord is ideal for investigating molecular mechanisms of vertebrate regeneration due to its relatively simple neural circuit and large, identifiable neurons. The c-JUN protein has been widely studied for its critical roles in various cellular processes, including regeneration. In this study, we examine c-JUN protein expression during lamprey spinal cord regeneration using immunofluorescence staining. We measured expression at one and three weeks post-injury in addition to uninjured control cords. c-JUN expression was observed throughout the spinal cord and around the injury site at all three-time points. The three-week cords showed the highest protein expression. Control cords had the next most intensity, followed by the one-week cords. These results are consistent with expression patterns in other regenerating species, suggesting that c-JUN may play a similar pro-regenerative role in the lamprey. Moving forward, we plan to knockdown c-JUN in the lamprey to examine its functional role in spinal cord regeneration.
CMB 27 - Cell morphogenesis controlled by genetic interaction between a septin kinase and MAP kinase
First Author
Callie Stempa
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Joseph Marquardt
Western Kentucky University
Cell shape control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, budding yeast, is tightly associated with cell division and cell growth. The kinase Elm1 regulates cellular morphogenesis and cytokinesis, causing an elongated cell shape if deleted. Hsl7, a methyltransferase downstream of Elm1, is involved in the division pathway. Downstream effectors responsible for Elm1's effect on cell growth are mostly unknown. This study investigates one of these possible downstream effectors: Ste20, a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and suspected substrate of Elm1, linked through proteomics data, that regulates cell growth. This study investigates cell shape and growth pattern differences regulated by Ste20 and Elm1 using classical yeast genetics, advanced image analysis with fluorescence microscopy, and growth assays. It also examines if Ste20 is regulated by Elm1 independently of Hsl7 to connect interacting members of morphogenesis and MAP Kinase pathways. Initial results indicate that loss of both Elm1 and Ste20 results in a slow growing phenotype, indicating negative genetic interaction, which is not seen with Hsl7. Thus, we have established a connection between the cell cycle and cell growth through Elm1 and Ste20. Both genes have human homologs, allowing the results to relate to human cancers, which typically exhibit misregulated growth or cell division.
CMB 21 - Cell shape is mediated by a joint effort between a septin-associated kinase and endocytic protein
First Author
Presley Neagle
Gatton Academy
Co-author
Joseph Marquardt
Western Kentucky University
Cell shape is often a concerted effort between cell growth and cell division timing. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this is exemplified by the kinase Elm1, which has been shown to regulate the shape of the growing bud by linking cell cycle progression to bud growth. In cells that lack the Elm1 gene the bud exhibits a dramatic elongated shape. Downstream effectors responsible for Elm1's effect on cell shape are mostly unknown. This study investigates one of these possible downstream effectors: Ede1 an endocytosis scaffold that was recently linked to Elm1 through proteomics data. Previous research has shown that endocytosis recycles cell membrane machinery, potentially linking the process to shape regulation. This study examines the differences in cell shape due to both Ede1 and Elm1 using classical yeast genetics in conjunction with detailed analysis of fluorescent microscopy images. Initial results indicate that codeletion of both genes results in a more dramatic elongated phenotype. By analyzing phenotypic differences between cells both with and lacking Ede1 and Elm1, we can begin to explain the connection between these two proteins. Also, these two proteins have human homologs enabling us to translate these results to human systems.
CMB 1 - Circularizing chromosome X In Saccharomyces cerevisiae
First Author
Rebecca Bailey
Morehead State University
Co-author
Melissa Mefford
Morehead State University
Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes, and the ends of these chromosomes are called telomeres. Telomeres cannot be replicated completely, meaning they shorten as we age as cells undergo many rounds of division. To counter-act this telomere shortening, most eukaryotes require the telomerase enzyme. However, many cancer cells aberrantly up-regulate telomerase expression to replicate telomeres when they should not and the cells to divide without stopping. Thus, it seems like linear chromosome architecture confers additional problems not seen in circular chromosomes. To better understand why eukaryotes have linear chromosomes and telomeres, our lab is systematically genetically engineering circularized versions of each of the 16 chromosomes in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I have chosen Chromosome X. To circularize this chromosome, we are using PCR to make DNA cassettes with several important selectable marker components that can integrate into each arm of Ch. X. Once a double integrant is achieved, the two cassettes can undergo recombination and join the ends to create a circular chromosome, which we can then assess for fitness relative to wild-type. To date, I have successfully built the cassettes for Ch. X and am currently working to confirm integration in the proper locations. Overall, this project should allow us to gain insight into why eukaryotes evolved linear chromosome architecture.
CMB 16 - Clock-controlled genes in the abdominal fat body of Drosophila regulate feeding
First Author
Bia Kinney
University of Louisville
Co-author
Bre Beard
University of Louisville
Co-author
Abigail Bohn
University of Louisville
Co-author
Dae-Sung Hwangbo
University of Louisville
Circadian clocks are interlocked positive and negative feedback loops that maintain gene expression over 24-hour periods. Circadian clocks synchronize to environmental cues and drive temporal expression of clock-controlled genes (CCGs). CCGs work to regulate and maintain metabolic, behavioral, and physiological homeostasis in the body. In Drosophila, the fat body has clock functions and is functionally equivalent to the mammalian liver and adipose tissue. Since the fat body is responsible for feeding and metabolism, observational focus was placed on behavioral feeding patterns. This study focused on the regulation of feeding by peripheral clocks in Drosophila. To determine the CCGs in the fat body that affect feeding, a functional RNAi screen was conducted on 43 genes that were found to be cycling in the fat body. A modified Con-Ex method was used to measure food consumption. Using a drug-inducible Gal4-GeneSwitch/UAS system, target genes were suppressed after being exposed to the drug RU486. Our results show that there are several genes involved in metabolic homeostasis in the peripheral fat body that significantly alter food consumption. These results further our understanding of circadian clock systems and show how CCGs in the peripheral fat body affect metabolic behaviors in Drosophila.
CMB 26 - Enhancing Telomerase Activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Through a Genetic Screen for Gain-of-Function Mutations
First Author
Hailey Rietz
Morehead State University
Co-author
Melissa Mefford
Morehead State University
Telomeres are repeated nucleotide sequences at the ends of eukaryotic linear chromosomes. The main function of telomeres is to protect chromosomal ends from damage. However, telomeres cannot be entirely copied during DNA replication, leading to a gradual shortening known as the 'end-replication problem'. To counteract this problem, the RNA-dependent enzyme complex telomerase extends telomeres to maintain chromosome length. Without telomerase, telomeres shorten until they cause a cell-cycle arrest known as senescence. Understanding the structure and function of telomerase has important implications for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics, since telomerase is overactive in >85% of all human cancers to avoid senescence. While the general role of the telomerase enzyme is known, much about the roles of the rapidly-evolving telomerase RNA remain unknown. Most past research ascribed telomerase RNA function through identifying loss-of-function mutations that abolish enzyme function. In contrast, we designed an elegant genetic screen in the single-celled eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae that allowed us to select more active versions of telomerase RNA. After screening over 25,000 yeast colonies, we verified 7 gain-of-function mutants. Currently, we are adapting a PCR-based method to measure telomere length in our gain-of-function mutants. Our next step will be to dissect the mechanism(s) through which the mutations are enhancing enzyme activity. This will further enhance our understanding of how telomerase RNA contributes to enzyme function, as well as how increasing telomerase activity and telomere length contributes to organismal health.
CMB 25 - EPR Spectroscopic study of KCNE3 in the presence of interaction impairing mutations using EPR Spectroscopy
First Author
Draven Reynolds
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Connor Campbell
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Matthew Scheyer
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Sebastian Escobar Fonseca
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Zoe Warri
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Beyza Bektasoglu
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Alison Bates
Miami University
Co-author
Puspa Sahu
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Gary Lorigan
Miami University
Co-author
Indra Sahu
Campbellsville University
KCNE3 is a single pass transmembrane protein that regulates the gating properties of potassium ion channels. Genetic mutation of this protein can lead to genetic disorders such as Meniere's disease, Periodic Paralysis, and Long QT syndrome which have been found to have devastating effects on overall health. More specifically, mutations within the transmembrane domain of KCNE3 (57-82) such as F68A, V72A, and I76A have shown interaction impairing abilities of KCNE3 while interacting with potassium ion channel KCNQ1. In this study, we apply Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic approaches to investigate the effect of interaction impairing mutations on structural dynamic properties of KCNE3 in lipid bilayered vesicles. EPR spectroscopy is a powerful and rapidly growing structural biology tool to study structural dynamic properties of membrane proteins. Site-directed mutagenesis technique was used to generate interaction impairing mutations on wild type KCNE3. The KCNE3 protein samples containing interaction impairing mutations were prepared using E. Coli bacterial overexpression method and purified in DPC detergent micelles and incorporated into POPC/POPG lipid bilayer vesicles. Continuous wave (CW) EPR experiments were performed on KCNE3 containing interaction impairing mutations as well as wild-type KCNE3 samples as controls. The spectral lineshape analysis was performed to analyze the CW-EPR spectral data. Any changes in the structural dynamic parameters in the presence and absence of interaction impairing mutations will be discussed.
CMB 9 - Establishment of a Novel Feeding-Based Assay for Measuring Neurodegeneration in Drosophila melanogaster
First Author
Rachel Curtis
University of Louisville
Co-author
Aubrey Reitzel
University of Louisville
Co-author
Dae-Sung Hwangbo
University of Louisville
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND), such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), lead to the progressive loss of cognitive and motor functions. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been extensively used as a model organism to study ND. Studies on ND in the fly employ a variety of methods, including histological, biochemical, and physiological assays. However, these methods often require sacrificing the flies, preventing the assessment of progressive degeneration at later time points. Additionally, since these methods frequently measure biomarkers at the cellular and tissue levels, they may not accurately represent the degenerative cognitive and motor functions at the organismal level. In practice, these methods can also be labor-intensive and costly. To overcome these difficulties, we aimed to establish a novel feeding-based assay to assess the progressive loss of motor function in flies, utilizing established AD and ALS models expressing Amyloid Beta 42 (Aß42) and TAR DNA Binding Protein 43 (TDP43), respectively. This novel approach was compared to an established climbing-based functional assay. Our preliminary analysis suggests that, at least in the ALS model, the feeding-based assay can be successfully used as an alternative functional assay that can measure symptoms of ND in flies.
CMB 14 - Examination of the role of the conserved aminopeptidase PAM-1 in meiotic transitions in the Caenorhabditis elegans gonad
First Author
Jaclyn Howard
Murray State University
Co-author
Jessica Stein
Murray State University
Co-author
Chris Trzepacz
Murray State University
The cellular and genetic mechanisms that govern fertility are highly conserved. For example, orthologs of the puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA) can cause infertility in a number of organisms. Mutation of pam-1, the C. elegans PSA ortholog, leads to a reduced brood size and embryonic lethality. Gametogenesis in the C. elegans gonad begins at the distal end of the gonad, in a mitotic population of syncytial germinal nuclei. As the germinal nuclei move away from the distal end they begin the transition to the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase I. Subsequently, they enter the proximal gonad, progress through diplotene and diakinesis, and grow and differentiate into individual oocytes that are fertilized in the spermatheca once they have matured. Preliminary analysis of germinal nuclei morphology suggests that the pachytene region of the gonads of pam-1 animals is abnormally expanded into the proximal gonad. To confirm this observation, we are employing GFP transgenes that specifically label different meiotic stages of the C. elegans gonad. Our method involves comparing the expression pattern of these transgenes in wild-type and two different pam-1 mutants. pam-1 has orthologs in all animals, including humans. Understanding the role PAM-1 plays in worm fertility could lead to a better understanding of fertility in humans.
CMB 7 - Exploring the Contributions of V-type ATPase in Drosophila melanogaster wing development
First Author
Landon Carlton
The Gatton Academy
Co-author
Ajay Srivastava
Western Kentucky Univeirty
Drosophila melanogaster (Johann Meigen), commonly known as the fruit fly, has been a crucial model organism in biology due to its amenability to genetic manipulation and short lifespan. This study aimed to explore the role of V-type ATPases in the development of Drosophila wings, building upon the history of Drosophila research. V-type ATPases are proton pumps involved in various cellular processes, but their specific functions in wing development remain poorly understood. The Gal4/UAS system, a powerful tool in Drosophila research, was used to downregulate V-type ATPases through RNA interference (RNAi). Fly stocks were cultured and crossed, and the phenotypes of the progeny were analyzed through dissections and imaging. The results showed that the downregulation of V-type ATPase subunit 16 (VHA-16) led to significant phenotypic abnormalities in the wings of the progeny. Different Gal4 driver stocks resulted in distinct phenotypes, including smaller wings, wing deformities, and larval or pupal stage lethality. These findings suggest that V-type ATPases play a crucial role in normal wing development in D. melanogaster. Additional crosses incubated at room temperature and antibody staining using immunohistochemical techniques must be performed for further and more in-depth analysis of the role of V-type ATPases' roles in wing development.
CMB 35 - Exploring the role of PRLs in Danio rerio embryogenesis
First Author
Chase Yost
University of Kentucky College of Medicine
Co-author
Yelena Chernyavskaya
University of Kentucky College of Medicine
Co-author
Jessica Blackburn
University of Kentucky College of Medicine
Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs) are well-established oncogenes, with their over-expression being linked to metastasis and poor disease prognosis. PRLs play integral roles in cellular signaling and have become prominent therapeutic targets in recent years. Despite their prevalence in cancers, PRLs, and phosphatase-type proteins in general, are severely underrepresented regarding clinical treatments, and their biological roles are not completely characterized. This study examines the roles of PRL-1, PRL-2a, PRL-2b, and PRL-3 (panPRL) in Danio rerio embryogenesis. Morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) embryonic microinjections, as well as automated and confocal microscopy, were utilized to elucidate the roles of panPRL in embryogenesis. The data demonstrated a lethal phenotype associated with panPRL MO injection, with complete lethality present at late gastrulation. Examination of the yolk syncytial layer (YSL), a structure in early development involved in cell differentiation, at the dome stage, revealed additional phenotypic change. The number of nuclei present in the YSL in panPRL MO embryos was lower than those in the control MO and un-injected group, indicating a potential mechanism related to YSL formation. This study begins to establish the foundational roles and mechanisms for which these proteins are involved in zebrafish development, providing a basis for future translational studies targeted at treating the plethora of diseases in which these proteins are implicated.
CMB 17 - FK506-Binding Protein 51 (FKBP51), a Novel Regulator of Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Clearance
First Author
Wang-Hsin Lee
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Evelyn Bates
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Agil Maharramov
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Genesee Martinez
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Zachary Kipp
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Mei Xu
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Terry Hinds, Jr.
University of Kentucky
The molecular chaperone protein, FK506-binding protein-51 (FKBP51), has great potential to be a biomarker and a treatment target for metabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type II diabetes (T2DM). FKBP51 regulates nuclear receptors and inhibits protein kinase B (AKT) activation. The loss of FKBP51 in mice results in less adiposity, reduced liver steatosis, and increased insulin sensitivity and insulin clearance. However, little has been understood about how FKBP51 regulates insulin resistance in the liver. It has been shown that insulin receptor (IR) alternative splicing controls hepatic insulin sensitivity. In addition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) activation is critical in reducing insulin resistance. Thus, we hypothesize that FKBP51 can regulate hepatic insulin resistance through insulin receptor alternative splicing and PPARα activation. To test this, we created an FKBP51 knockout mouse hepatocyte cell line (51KO AML12) and treated them with insulin for 1hr. We extracted RNA and protein samples from the cells for RT-PCR and western blot. We found that 51KO AML12 presented increased phospho-AKT Ser473 and IR isoform B (IR-B), and decreased phospho-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (pGSK3β Ser9). We also found that 51KO AML12 presented increased protein expressions in both IR-A and IR-B. Interestingly, an increased ratio of IR-B: IR-A was found in insulin-treated 51KO AML12. Our results also showed that the PPARα target genes and CEA Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (Ceacam1) gene expressions increased in 51KO AML12. These data indicate a great potential for FKBP51 to be a novel treatment target for hepatic insulin resistance and T2DM.
CMB 29 - Further Characterization of V-Type ATPase in the Air Sac Primordium of Drosophila melanogaster
First Author
Jacob Thomas
The Gatton Academy
Co-author
Usman Salim
Gatton Academy
Co-author
Ajay Srivastava
Western Kentucky University
Drosophila melanogaster, commonly known as the fruit fly, is frequently utilized in biological research as a reliable genetic model organism due to its ability to replicate human genetic characteristics and diseases. Their Air Sac Primordium (ASP), analogous to the human lung, invades the Wing Imaginal Disc (WID) displaying similar invasive properties as cancer cells. Further understanding of this process will aid in our understanding of tumor metastasis. The ASP has been shown to originate on the outside of the WID and burrow into the WID. While the genes involved in this process are not well understood, a gene responsible for encoding a V-Type ATPase, a proton pump, was identified through a genetic screen. V-Type ATPase is a vacuolar proton pump which regulates many functions of the cell like pH homeostasis, cell invasion, and cell death. By using RNA interference, the gene for V-Type ATPase was downregulated expressing a defect in the ASP. This report aims to understand the cell-to-cell interactions in ASP invasive cells when V-Type ATPase is downregulated. Findings from our study will be presented.
CMB 12 - Investigating cell shape control by the polarisome and septin-associated kinases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
First Author
Jenson Harner
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Joseph Marquardt
Western Kentucky University
A cell's shape is often indicative of and critical for its function. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cell growth is a tightly controlled process. Elm1, a key player in this regulation, controls the shape of the growing bud in part by regulating the septin cytoskeleton at the mother-bud interface. When its gene is removed from the genome, cells missing this kinase are highly elongated. Proteomics data has suggested there may be more downstream effectors for Elm1 than previously thought. One of these potential substrates is Spa2 – a polarisome component which helps direct polarized cell growth. This study analyzes the effects of Spa2 gene deletion in reference to Elm1-related phenotypes through classical yeast genetics and fluorescent microscopy. Preliminary results indicate that while the codeletion of Spa2 and Elm1 genes results in a bud shape phenotype closer to Spa2 mutants, molecularly, cells appear more closely reminiscent of Elm1 loss. This indicates that Spa2 might be influencing Elm1 in a pathway which was previously unknown. These findings prompt investigation into other polarisome components' relation to Elm1 and other Elm1-mediated pathways. While Spa2 may not have a direct human homolog, the human homolog of Elm1 is directly involved with cell polarity in the liver hinting that this crosstalk in yeast may be functionally relevant during human development.
CMB 34 - Investigating mitofusin as a potential regulator for peroxisomal function
First Author
Kevin Williams
Centre College, KY Inbre
Co-author
Tanushree Kumar
University of Louisville
Co-author
Daven Patel
University of Louisville
Co-author
Rafael Demarco
University of Louisville
Understanding the regulatory mechanisms controlling stem cell behavior is extremely useful for regenerative medicine. In Drosophila melanogaster, stem cells are found in the niche, which is composed of the hub, somatic cyst stem cells (CySCs) and germline stem cells (GSCs). Our previous work revealed that GSCs are regulated by changes in metabolism. depletion of mitofusin (dMfn), a protein responsible for the fusion of the outer mitochondrial membrane, resulted in stem cell loss and mitochondrial dysfunction. Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) must enter the peroxisome to be metabolized into smaller FAs, which then can enter the mitochondria. Peroxisomes are regulated by PEX proteins that determine peroxisomal biogenesis, function and morphology. Upon dMfn depletion in GSCs, peroxisomal protein import decreased (seen through the SKL2:GFP assay), which suggested impaired function. dMfn was depleted in other cell types to determine if loss of peroxisomal function due to dMfn knockdown was exclusive to GSCs. Hub cells and CySCs were unaffected and displayed normal function. In addition, to determine if dMfn has a direct or indirect effect on peroxisomal function Optic Atrophy 1 (Opa1), which encodes a protein that regulates the fusion of the inner mitochondrial membrane was depleted. Opa1 depletion did not phenocopy depletion of dMfn, suggesting that dMfn has a more direct role on peroxisomal function. Furthermore an HA tag with dMfn was used to see if dMfn colocalized to the peroxisome. Occasionally dMfn did localize there. Our work may aid in future therapy development in treating metabolic disorders that affect peroxisomal function.
CMB 30 - Investigating the Role of Reactive Oxygen Species Scavengers in Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis
First Author
Men Tran
Wood Hudson Cancer Research Laboratory
Co-author
Erik Bey
Wood Hudson Cancer Research Laboratory
Co-author
Julia Carter
Wood Hudson Cancer Research Laboratory
Breast cancer, the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women, is the leading cause of cancer-related death in U.S. women. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) play a pivotal role in breast cancer, with variations in ROS production observed among subtypes. Glutathione peroxidases (GPX's), catalase and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase one (NQO1) are key regulators of in vivo ROS in breast cancer cells. In this study we investigated the expression of GPX, catalase and NQO1 to determine the role that these ROS-scavenging genes play in breast cancer tumorigenesis. We also evaluated the effect that knockdown, deficiency or overexpression of these genes had on cancer cell survival in the presence or absence of oxidative stress inducers and chemotherapeutics. We hypothesized that varying the expression levels of oxidative stress regulators would alter their tumorigenic characteristics. We used the triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231 cells (with or without NQO1), and MCF-7 cells with or (without NQO1 inhibitor dicoumarol). Our studies also included Western-Blot analyses for siRNA knockdown of GPX 1 and 2, and survival assays with oxidative stress inducers (hydrogen peroxide) and ARQ-761. Our preliminary results suggest that NQO1 deficiency, alteration of GPX 1,2 expression and the endogenous expression of catalase affected the survival of breast cancer cell lines in the presence of oxidative stress inducers. Further analyses of the genes NQO1, GPX and catalase are needed to determine whether altering their expression singularly or in combination affects the tumorigenic nature of breast cancer.
CMB 11 - Meiotic Defects in Circularized Eukaryotic Chromosomes
First Author
Tanner Hamilton
Morehead State University
Co-author
Dr. Melissa Mefford
Morehead State University
Co-author
Rebecca Bailey
Morehead State University
Chromosome structure can vary from a single circular chromosome in prokaryotes to multiple linear chromosomes in eukaryotes. The ends of linear chromosomes are specialized regions called telomeres, which protect DNA from degradation. However, each time a cell replicates, telomeres shorten due to the end-replication problem. To overcome this end-replication problem, most eukaryotes require the enzyme complex telomerase. Short telomeres are correlated with aging, and telomerase is up-regulated in most cancers. Given the difficulties associated with telomeres, our lab is interested in understanding why linear chromosomes evolved. To investigate this question, we developed a genetic engineering strategy to individually circularize each of the 16 chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our approach involves integrating two DNA cassettes into the left and right arms of a target chromosome, then selecting for a DNA recombination event that circularizes the linear chromosome. To date, we have successfully circularized four of the sixteen chromosomes. Circularized chromosome strains have no phenotypes as haploids when undergoing asexual reproduction via mitosis. However, we hypothesize meiotic division, required for sexual reproduction, will be defective with circular chromosomes. Thus far, we have created diploid strains that are heterozygous for an individual chromosome structure, induced meiosis, and dissected the resulting haploid products for viability. Our preliminary data suggests our hypothesis is true, as there seems to be a significant reduction in viability of haploid cells resulting from meiosis with circular chromosomes. This provides experimental evidence supporting the idea that linear chromosomes evolved in eukaryotes to permit sexual reproduction.
CMB 6 - Optimization of the Reconstitution of KCNE3/KCNQ1 Complex into Lipid Bilayer Vesicles for EPR Spectroscopic Measurements
First Author
Conner Campbell
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Draven Reynolds
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Matthew Scheyer
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Sebastian Fonseca
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Zoe Warri
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Puspa Shah
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Beyza Bektasoglu
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Gary Lorigan
Miami
Co-author
Indra Sahu
Campbellsville University
KCNQ1 is a voltage gated K+ channel expressed in several tissues of the body including the heart, colon, inner ear, testis, kidney, and stomach and modulated by a single transmembrane protein, such as KCNE3. KCNE3 is a single transmembrane protein that modulates the function of several voltage gated K+ channel proteins, such as KCNQ1. Association of KCNE3 with KCNQ1 produces channels that are voltage-independent in the physiological voltage range and that are crucial in regulating the transport of water and salt in several epithelial tissues, including the colon, small intestine, and airways. Despite the biological significance, the structural dynamic properties of the KCNE3/KCNQ1 complex is not fully understood yet. EPR spectroscopy is a power structural biology tool widely used to study structural dynamic properties of protein-protein interactions. In this study, we have optimized a molecular biology approach for the reconstitution of KCNE3/KCNQ1 complex into lipid bilayer vesicles using dialysis method and for investigating the structural dynamic properties of KCNE3 when in complex with KCNQ1 in lipid bilayered vesicles. This study will be helpful for biophysical studies of KCNE3 when in complex with KCNQ1.
CMB 2 - Regulation of Behavior and Physiology by the Peripheral Fat Body Clock in Drosophila
First Author
Breanna Beard
University of Louisville
Co-author
Abigail Bohn
University of Louisville
Co-author
Bia Kinney
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Sarayu Alli
University of Louisville
Co-author
Dae-Sung Hwangbo
University of Louisville
Circadian clocks are endogenous free running oscillators that produce 24-hour rhythms to maintain behavioral and physiological homeostasis. Briefly, the circadian clock consists of the transcription factors CLOCK and CYCLE, which form a heterodimer to drive the expression of their negative regulators, PERIOD and TIMELESS, and clock controlled genes (CCGs) that maintain local and systemic physiology. In Drosophila, the fat body is functionally analogous to the mammalian liver and adipose tissue and has its own autonomous clock system. Here, we investigate the roles of the peripheral fat body clock on food consumption, sleep, starvation resistance, and lifespan by expressing a dominant-negative CLOCK protein in the fat body. Our results indicate that perturbation of this clock system affects behavior and physiology in a diet-dependent manner. To identify the CCGs that regulate systemic food intake, we employed a fat body specific RNAi knock-down of CCGs and screened for food intake. These results revealed several genes regulating food intake, many of which are involved in metabolic processes. Overall, these results provide insights into circadian regulation of behavior and metabolism and provide an additional level of knowledge to our understanding of clock functions in the periphery.
CMB 31 - Sensitivity to Hygromycin B Due to Loss of One But Not the Other of the S-Adenosylmethionine Synthetase Paralogous Genes
First Author
Lindsey Warinner
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Kailee Kenwright
Northern Kentucky University Women's Club Soccer
Co-author
Amilia Coric
Northern Kentucky University Women's Club Soccer
Co-author
Erin Strome
Northern Kentucky University Women's Club Soccer
SAM1 and SAM2 are paralogs present in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encoding S-Adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) synthases. The deletion of these genes results in opposing effects on genome stability and AdoMet levels. To better understand these results, we characterized a broad range of phenotypes of these mutant strains. Growth response to a large number of conditions was observed, with sensitivity to the aminoglycoside Hygromycin B in sam1-deficient cells arise as a growth difference. It has been shown that defects in S. cerevisiae glycosylation pathways cause sensitivity to aminoglycosides. To determine if our mutants might have glycosylation defects, we first worked to determine genes involved in glycosylation pathways using the Saccharomyces Genome Database and gene ontology information. We then overlaid RNA-sequencing data to determine if any identified genes were differentially expressed in the sam1-deficient mutants. We did this process for the three glycosylation pathways present in S. cerevisiae, N-linked glycosylation, GycosylPhosphatidyl (GPI) anchoring, and O-linked mannosylation. We identified one significantly decreased differentially expressed gene, OST5, in the N-linked glycosylation pathway. OST5 encodes for a subunit of the oligosaccharide transferase present in the final steps of N-linked glycosylation. Work by others has found that the absence of any OST gene leads to a hypo-glycosylation defect compared to wildtype. When comparing the deletion of OST5 to other OST gene mutants, OST5 has double the amount of unglycosylated proteins. We therefore hypothesis that the downregulation of OST5 in sam1-deficient cell is sufficient enough to cause a glycosylation defect that could explain the increased sensitivity to hygromycin B. We are doing further research to understand how the absence of sam1 results in OST5 downregulation.
CMB 20 - Studying Structural Dynamic properties of KCNE3 in Lipid Bilayer Membrane in the presence of Interaction Impairing Mutat
First Author
Anna Clara Moura
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Isaac K. Asare
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Antonio Javier Franco Aguado
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Kaeleigh Dyan Tuck
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Mateo Frernandez Cruz
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Steve Alston
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Indra D. Sahu
Campbellsville University
KCNE3 is a potassium channel accessory transmembrane protein that regulates the function of many leaky, voltage-gated potassium channels such as KCNQ1. It can be found in the small intestine, colon, and the human heart. KCNE3 contains 103 amino acids divided into 3 sections; the N-Terminus (residues 1-56), the Transmembrane Domain (residues 57-82) and the C-Terminus (residues 83-103). Certain mutations in the tranmembrane segment of KCNE3 such as V72A, I76A and F68A weaken the interaction of the protein with KCNQ1. Recently, we studied structural topology and dynamic properties of KCNE3 in different lipid bilayer membranes using all-atom molecular dynamics simulation. In this study, we investigated the structural dynamics of KCNE3 in a bilayer made up of lipids POPC and POPG (3:1) to mimic the native environment using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in the presence of interaction impairing mutations. The simulations setup files were generated using Chamm-gui server. The data obtained from MD simulations of KCNE3 in the presence of mutations (V72A, I76A and F68A) over the course of 200 ns were analyzed to find structural dynamics related parameters such as root-mean square deviations (RMSD), root-mean square fluctuations (RMSF), Z-axis distance, and membrane width. These MD simulation results are compared to that of wild type KCNE3 system to determine changes in structural dynamics of KCNE3 due to the effect of interaction imparing mutations. This study will help understand the conformational dynamics of KCNE3 in lipid bilayers in the presence of mutations and complement the experimental biophysical studies.
CMB 32 - Studying the effect of 2,4-Dinitrophenol on Dynamic Properties of Cancer-mimic Synthetic Lipid Bilayer Membrane using EP
First Author
Zoe Warri
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Mathew Scheyer
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Conner Campbell
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Draven Reynolds
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Sebastian Escobar
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Shadi Abu-Baker
Zanesville Campus, Ohio University
Co-author
Indra D. Sahu
Campbellsville University
Some cancer cell membrane mimics contain phosphatidylserine (PS) lipids, while normal cells contain phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids. 2,4-Dinitrophenol is a promising toxin, and it could be connected to a sugar component as a precursor for synthesizing potential pro-drugs that target cancer cells as proposed in our previous study. In that study, the 31P NMR results suggested that the 2,4-DNP breaks down POPS synthetic membranes and not POPC membranes. In this study, we investigate the effect of 2,4 DNP on the dynamic properties of POPS and POPC using EPR spectroscopy and 5-Doxyl spin label PC. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy is a very powerful biophysical technique to study the dynamic properties of lipid bilayer membranes containing spin label PC. X-band CW-EPR spectroscopic measurements were performed on POPS and POPC lipid membranes containing 5-Doxyl spin-labelled PC in the presence and absence of 2,4-Dinitrophenol. CW-EPR spectral line shape analysis is carried out to determine the motional parameters such as spectral central linewidth and rotational correlation times. Any changes in the dynamic properties of POPS and POPC in the presence and absence of 2,4-Dinitrophenol will be discussed.
CMB 15 - Targeted mutation of transcription factor Glis3 induces progressive pancreatic and renal epithelial cysts in zebrafish
First Author
Jenna Kesselring
Murray State University
Co-author
Gary ZeRuth
Murray State University
Loss of function of the transcription factor, Gli-similar 3 (Glis3) in humans is associated with
a multisystem phenotype referred to as NDH1 that is characterized by neonatal diabetes mellitus,
congenital hypothyroidism, and polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Numerous genome-wide
association studies (GWAS) have additionally identified GLIS3 as a risk locus for the
development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite its clinical significance, little is known about
the role(s) Glis3 plays during development.
In this study, we have characterized developmental expression of glis3 in the zebrafish
(Danio rerio). Whole-mount in situ hybridization experiments revealed that glis3 was detectable
within the pronephros by 24 hpf and pancreas specific expression was evident by 72 hpf. A
mutant line of zebrafish that lacks functional glis3 expression was generated using CRISPR/Cas9
technology and presented with a syndrome including thyroid dysfunction, polycystic kidney
disease, reduced fertility, and premature mortality. Large glomerular cysts were detected in
mutant larvae as early as 6 dpf. Although the development of the principal pancreatic islet was
largely unaffected by loss of functional glis3, a significantly reduced proportion of homozygous
KO larvae had developed secondary islets by 8 dpf.
Our results suggest that glis3 plays a critical role in the proper patterning of the zebrafish
kidney and may play an important role in the formation of secondary pancreatic islets emerging
from Notch-responsive progenitors associated with the pancreatic ductal epithelium. A better
understanding of role(s) glis3 plays during development could provide key insights into the
pathogenesis of diabetes and chronic renal disease.
a multisystem phenotype referred to as NDH1 that is characterized by neonatal diabetes mellitus,
congenital hypothyroidism, and polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Numerous genome-wide
association studies (GWAS) have additionally identified GLIS3 as a risk locus for the
development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite its clinical significance, little is known about
the role(s) Glis3 plays during development.
In this study, we have characterized developmental expression of glis3 in the zebrafish
(Danio rerio). Whole-mount in situ hybridization experiments revealed that glis3 was detectable
within the pronephros by 24 hpf and pancreas specific expression was evident by 72 hpf. A
mutant line of zebrafish that lacks functional glis3 expression was generated using CRISPR/Cas9
technology and presented with a syndrome including thyroid dysfunction, polycystic kidney
disease, reduced fertility, and premature mortality. Large glomerular cysts were detected in
mutant larvae as early as 6 dpf. Although the development of the principal pancreatic islet was
largely unaffected by loss of functional glis3, a significantly reduced proportion of homozygous
KO larvae had developed secondary islets by 8 dpf.
Our results suggest that glis3 plays a critical role in the proper patterning of the zebrafish
kidney and may play an important role in the formation of secondary pancreatic islets emerging
from Notch-responsive progenitors associated with the pancreatic ductal epithelium. A better
understanding of role(s) glis3 plays during development could provide key insights into the
pathogenesis of diabetes and chronic renal disease.
CMB 10 - The effect of reservoirs on gene flow in the southern two-lined salamander (Eurycea cirrigera)
First Author
Anna Favalon
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Jarrett Johnson
Western Kentucky University
Biodiversity is an essential component of natural environmental dynamics. Anthropogenic activities threaten natural biodiversity, causing a need for conservation efforts. An important aspect of biodiversity conservation lies in protecting population connectivity and gene flow. In the mid-1900s, several Kentucky rivers were dammed, creating deep, lentic reservoirs in the valleys once occupied by dynamic, lotic rivers. For species inhabiting the rivers and associated tributaries, the central reservoirs may reduce connectivity among populations and impose barriers to gene flow. Prior studies have shown that amphibian species can be used as indicator species to evaluate the effects of such habitat fragmentation. We collected samples of southern two-lined salamanders (Eurycea cirrigera) from tributaries surrounding two Kentucky lakes: Barren River and Nolin, whose rivers were dammed in 1963 and 1964, respectively. DNA was extracted and a 3RAD protocol was used to sequence a reduced-representation genetic library from individual salamanders and identify SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms). We then used STRUCTURE and discriminant analyses of principle components (DAPC) to identify genetic clusters and describe population structure at either reservoir. Additionally, we performed Mantel tests to assess the correlation of genetic variation with geographic distance. Salamander population structure corresponded heavily with sample sites at both locations, though differentiation of populations was not the result of isolation-by-distance (p= 0.307, p=0.250), indicating other factors (e.g., landscape resistance) to be driving the observed patterns. Incomplete genetic data, possibly resulting from the large size of the E. cirrigera genome, posed a challenge in assessing landscape effects on population structure, warranting further study.
CMB 5 - The Effect of Sulforaphane on Chromium-Induced Toxicity in Human Lung Fibroblasts
First Author
Drake Calhoon
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
J. Calvin Kouokam
University of Louisville
Co-author
Zain Tariq
Vanderbilt University
Co-author
John Wise Sr
University of Louisville,
Lung cancer is responsible for greater than twenty percent of all cancer deaths in the United States, yet many people with the disease have never smoked. Therefore, it is imperative to understand other causes. Hexavalent chromium, [Cr(VI)], is a heavy metal and a known carcinogen. Workplace exposures are common in the welding, electroplating, and stainless steel industries. Hexavalent chromium enters the cell through anion transporters and can lead to reactive oxygen species production and inflammation. This study aims to explore the effect of sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts, on hexavalent chromium-induced toxicity in human lung fibroblasts. Through a sulforaphane toxicity assay, the safety profile and an appropriate dose of sulforaphane were determined. Using 1µmol/L sulforaphane, cell viability assays revealed that sulforaphane can be used to alleviate Cr(VI)-induced reduction of cell proliferation. Additionally, CellROX and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays demonstrated that at some concentrations of Cr(VI), sulforaphane can decrease ROS production and levels of the inflammatory cytokine, Interleukin-6. These findings demonstrate that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of sulforaphane may have the potential to treat hexavalent chromium-induced toxicity in human lung fibroblasts.
CMB 22 - The effects of zinc on proprioceptive sensory function and nerve conduction
First Author
Adel Nukic
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Elizabeth Elliott
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Kaitlyn Brock
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Alaina Taul
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Artin Asadipooya
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Devin Bocook
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Tessa Burnette
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Isha Chauhan
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Bilal Chhadh
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Ryan Crane
University of Kentucky
Zinc (Zn2+) is an essential element that can promote proper organ function, cell growth, and immune response; it can also, however, be present in too great a quantity. Zinc toxicity caused by overexposure may result in both minor and major physiological effects, with chronic exposure at low levels and acute exposure at high levels being harmful or even toxic. This experiment examines the effects of high-volume, acute exposure to Zn2+ on sensory nerve function and nerve conduction. A proprioceptive nerve in marine crab (Callinectes sapidus) limbs was used as a model to assess the effects of zinc on stretch-activated channels (SACs) and evoked nerve conduction. Exposure to Zn2+ slowed nerve condition rapidly; however, several minutes were required before the SACs in sensory endings were affected. A depression in conduction speed and a slight decrease in amplitude were observed for the evoked compound action potential, while the frequency of nerve activity upon joint movement and stretching of the chordotonal organ significantly decreased. These altered responses could be reversed via extensive flushing with fresh saline to remove the zinc. This indicates that subtle, long-term exposure to Zn2+ may alter an organism's SAC function for channels related to proprioception and nerve conduction.
CMB 33 - The FGF signaling pathway plays an important role in Xenopus pharyngeal development
First Author
Lauren Wessel
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Emily Shifley
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Raja Reed
Northern Kentucky University
The pharynx is a region in the vertebrate embryo that gives rise to craniofacial features, thymus and parathyroid glands. When the pharynx does not develop properly, birth defects can occur. The Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) pathway is one of the genetic signaling pathways that help cells in the pharynx develop and differentiate. We hypothesized that blocking the FGF pathway would disrupt pharyngeal development in our model organism, Xenopus laevis. To test this hypothesis, we collected embryos and inhibited FGF signaling at different developmental stages, verifying that the pathway was blocked with western blotting. We then analyzed the embryos with in situ hybridization, sectioning, and immunohistochemistry. We found that certain genes expressed in the pharynx like sox9, twist, pax1 and cyp26a1 had reduced gene expression in FGF inhibited embryos, while other genes were unaffected. We did not identify a specific, short period during pharyngeal development when FGF signaling was necessary, but rather found that the FGF signaling pathway is required throughout pharyngeal development (stages 20-35) for proper gene expression and differentiation. We also looked to see if blocking FGF signaling prevented cell proliferation in the developing pharynx, but did not see significant differences in FGF inhibited embryos versus controls. Overall, this data has identified some of the genes that are downstream of the FGF pathway in the developing pharynx. Understanding the genetic signaling pathways the control normal pharyngeal development will help us understand what genes or processes might be disrupted in individuals with pharyngeal birth defects.
CMB 4 - The Function of Homologs in Intact and Uninjured Planarians
First Author
Kallie Burchett
Georgetown College
Regeneration is the regrowth of missing body, organs, or limbs. Schmidtea Mediterranea (Smed) planarians have extraordinary regeneration abilities due to their pluripotent stem cells. The Shoc2 gene encodes for scaffold proteins which is suggested to control stem cell differentiation in planarians and is important for regeneration. Shoc2 in planarians have 3 homologs: Shoc2 A, Shoc2 B, and Shoc2 C, while humans only have one. The purpose of this research is to knockdown the Shoc2 homologs and identify the phenotypic effect. dsRNA was prepared for each construct, fed to the planarians, then some planarians were amputated to observe their regeneration abilities, and some were not amputated to observe. It was seen that Knockdown of Shoc2 A causes issues in midline, blastema regeneration, and lysis of head and tail portions when amputated. Shoc2 B causes slow regeneration and fading eyespots. There wasn't a phenotypical effect observed in planarians fed Shoc2 C.
CMB 8 - The PAM-1 aminopeptidase protects against neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans
First Author
Caleb P. Coil
Murray State University
Co-author
Chris Trzepacz
Murray State University
Compromised brain function due to neurodegenerative conditions affects a large part of our aging population. The experimental exploration of the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for neurodegeneration is aided by the use of animal models. For example, genetic screens have identified the puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA) as a novel affecter of neurodegeneration, as mutations in PSA in fruit flies results in perturbations of neuron anatomy and an accelerated onset of neuron death. We propose to examine whether pam-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of PSA, plays a similar role in governing neurodegeneration in nematodes. We have undertaken a longitudinal study of pam-1 mediated neurogeneration using strains expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the eight mechanosensory neurons of C. elegans. Because C. elegans is transparent, each of these GFP-labeled strains produce animals that brilliantly illuminate the invariant position and anatomy of a specific subset of neurons. This allows for the easy detection of aberrant features in the axons, the commissures, and the neuron cell bodies. We are tracking the onset and prevalence of these decay features in both wild-type and two different pam-1 mutant strains. Although we are early in our study, our preliminary data suggests that mutation of pam-1 results in an increased incidence and an accelerated rate of neurodegeneration. Our work provides new insight into the real-time, in vivo temporal and spatial pattern of neurodegeneration in a manner that is not possible in humans.
CMB 23 - The Role of a Cathepsin L and MMP During Drosophila Development
First Author
Oluwatobiloba Oguntoyinbo
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Ajay Srivastava
Western Kentucky University
Proteolytic enzyme dysregulation is known to interfere with normal biological processes. Basement membrane (BM) – a specialized form of extracellular matrix plays a central role in invasive cellular behavior and branching morphogenesis. The BM is degraded by proteolytic enzymes like MMPs and Cathepsins during tumor metastasis as well as normal development in Drosophila melanogaster and other organisms. Previous work in the lab has implicated both MMPs and a Cathepsin – L (CP1) in the remodeling of BM and suggested the possibility of these two proteases working together. Utilizing genetic and biochemical techniques the link between MMP and CP1 was explored. Furthermore, while MMPs have been demonstrated to play an essential role in tumor metastasis the role of CP1 in this process is unexplored. Using genetic and immunohistochemical techniques we assess the involvement of CP1 in tumor metastasis. Data from our experiments will be presented. These data provide greater insights into the role MMP and CP1 play in cellular invasive behavior.
CMB 3 - The role of Fabp4 and Aqp3 in Anterior Segment development
First Author
Serena Bruneaux
KY-INBRE Program, University of Kentucky
Co-author
Oliver Vöcking
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky
Co-author
Jakub Famulski
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky
The current study investigates the role of two genes, Fabp4 and Aqp3, on periocular mesenchyme (POM) cell migration. It is theorized that when these genes do not function correctly, it can lead to improper POM cell migration and thus malformation of anterior eye structures. Since malformation of the Anterior Segment has been linked to glaucoma and other disorders, it is clinically important to discover how this maldevelopment can occur. In the current study, Fabp4a and Aqp3b genes were knocked out in the Zebrafish model. Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) was attached to Foxc1b, a gene commonly expressed in POM cells. This allowed most POM cells to be visualized under a confocal microscope. The distribution and number of GFP+ cells were compared between mutant Zebrafish and wild-type controls. The knockout of Fabp4a did not appear to affect Foxc1b cell distribution at 48hpf. Similarly, the knockout of Aqp3b did not appear to affect Foxc1b cell distribution at 48hpf and 72hpf. This suggests that Fabp4 and Aqp3 may not be critical in POM cell migration and Anterior Segment development.
CMB 28 - The role of topoisomerases in circularized chromosome strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
First Author
Mara Stout
Morehead State University
Co-author
Melissa Mefford
Morehead State University
The genome of eukaryotic cells is characterized by multiple linear chromosomes rather than a single circular chromosome that prokaryotes typically have. Maintenance of telomeres at the end of linear chromosomes requires the ribonucleoprotein complex telomerase. Our lab is particularly interested in understanding why eukaryotic cells evolved telomeres and telomerase. To investigate the role of linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, we have successfully engineered budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with individually circularized chromosomes. In haploid strains undergoing mitotic division, the circularized chromosome strains have no obvious phenotypes compared to wildtype. However, the chromosomes must be segregated differently than wildtype strains due to the large structural difference. We propose segregation of circular chromosomes will require topoisomerases, which are important nuclear enzymes that engage in DNA replication, transcription, chromosome segregation, and recombination. To test this hypothesis, we deleted the non-essential topoisomerase I (TOP1) and III (TOP3) genes in wild-type and circularized chromosome strains of S. cerevisiae. Our preliminary data shows that the deletions have no growth defect in wild-type strains, but have a clear growth defect in the circular chromosome strains. To further test our hypothesis, we are growing yeast in the presence of a topoisomerase inhibitor, doxorubicin, which should mimic the effects of topoisomerase gene deletion. Together, our data will shed light on how chromosomal architecture influences chromosomal segregation and cell proliferation. In the future, we also plan to study meiotic division, hopefully elucidating that linear chromosomes are better able to undergo the vital crossing-over process in meiosis and sexual reproduction.
CMB 19 - Tissue Slices: A New Avenue for Drug Testing
First Author
Jose Gustavo Mendez Luna
Berea college
Cardio-oncology is a new field of science has been on the rise in recent years. It arose out of observations that cancer patients who took chemotherapeutics had a tendency to develop heart diseases shortly after. Thus, cardio-oncology strives to see what direct and indirect impacts cancer drugs can have on the heart. In an effort to further this research, an experimental study was conducted, where the impacts of a variety of chemotherapeutics at different concentrations had on heart slices and hiPSC-CM (human induced pluripotent cardiomyocytes). hiPSC-CM are still commonly used in lab trials and drug testing to see the negative side effect these cancer drugs might have. The purpose of this experiment was to see if heart slices would be more sensitive or effective in showing side effects of chemotherapy at the clinically relevant doses.
COI 14 - 3D Fe-bpc Metal-organic Framework for Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Monoxide
First Author
taofeek ogungbade
western kentucky university
Photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide is an efficient way to reduce its concentration in the atmosphere and simultaneously generate renewable/green energy via the reduction of CO2 to important organic fuels. Metal-organic frameworks have recently gain popularity as an efficient photocatalyst for this conversion due to their unique properties when compared to traditional catalysts. Here we present our study on the conversion of CO2 to CO via the photocatalytic reduction activity using an iron-based metal-organic framework catalyst, which was synthesized from iron (II) chloride and 2,2-bipyridine-4,4-dicarboxylic acid (bpc) ligand. The photocatalysis was achieved in a solution of DMF/TEOA (DMF = N, N'-dimethylformamide; TEOA = triethanolamine) with Ru(bpy)32+ (Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II)chloride hexahydrate) as also the photosensitizer. Reactions without either catalyst, photosensitizer or both yielded no CO. Also, reactions without sacrificing agent or in the dark with no irradiation yielded no CO. The result showed that the 3D Fe (II)-based MOF is a good photocatalyst for efficient conversion of CO2 to CO. The results also take us a step closer to the generation of renewable energy while consuming the pollutant CO2.
COI 6 - Cadmium-Histidine Framework Mimicking Carbonic Anhydrase
First Author
Allison Dixon
The Gatton Academy
Co-author
Taofeek Ogungbade
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Bangbo Yan
Western Kentucky University
As the years progress, greenhouse gases such as CO2 have accumulated past natural levels. These gases have a multitude of harmful effects such as rising temperatures and changing weather patterns. Climate change not only threatens us now, but it threatens generations to come. The best way to combat climate change is to convert these gases into something useful. Substances such as carbonic anhydrase have been known to aid in CO2 capture and conversion. Unfortunately, widespread use of carbonic anhydrase is not obtainable due to the high cost of production. We aim to synthesize a new, more accessible, compound to simulate the functions of carbonic anhydrase to catalyze the reaction of water and CO2.
We have made a new compound [β-Cadmium (HIS)] (HIS = histidine) using the hydrothermal method by reacting Ca(NO3)2 with histidine. In the crystal structure of this compound, the cadmium ions and the histidine ligands form a three-dimensional framework. Our study has found it can mimic the capabilities of carbonic anhydrase at a significantly lower cost.
We have made a new compound [β-Cadmium (HIS)] (HIS = histidine) using the hydrothermal method by reacting Ca(NO3)2 with histidine. In the crystal structure of this compound, the cadmium ions and the histidine ligands form a three-dimensional framework. Our study has found it can mimic the capabilities of carbonic anhydrase at a significantly lower cost.
COI 10 - Developing novel Phenanthroimidazole-based fluorescent sensors for multiple analyte detection
First Author
Brian Kellogg
Western Kentucky University
The highly efficient design and synthesis of organic fluorophores with an excellent quantum yield have received extensive attention. Compared with instrumental techniques, fluorescent sensors derived from organic small molecules offer many impressive benefits. Various detection mechanisms such as colorimetric, ratiometric, and fluorescence turn on/off have been reported for single analyte detection. Nowadays, developing molecular probes that can detect two (or more than two) different analytes (cations, anions, and/or biomolecules) have emerged as a new research area and attracted considerable attention in the field of chemo- and biosensors. Phenanthroimidazole (PhImH) represents a new class of novel organic molecules that features a plane structure, strong π-π interaction, and electron-donating properties. However, the phenanthroimidazole-based sensors have not been extensively studied, especially their potential applications in detecting two (or more than two) different analytes. In this project, we designed a series of novel fluorescent sensors based on phenanthroimidazole and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) to constitute a donor-acceptor-donor alternate structure with advanced photophysical properties, and aim to explore their applications in detecting multiple analytes, like proton, fluoride, and copper (II) ion, with a single sensor.
COI 21 - Effects of organic phase on surface morphology in emulsion polymerization of poly (methyl methacrylate) beads
First Author
Evalynn Veith
The Gatton Academy
Co-author
Julian Williams
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Matthew Nee
Western Kentucky University
While photocatalysis using such compounds as titanium dioxide is a promising method for the removal of organic pollutants from water sources, the powder form of such compounds form stable suspensions in water, limiting exposure to the pollutant. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) beads are being investigated as a polymer substrate. A two-step emulsion polymerization was used to synthesize PMMA beads, and the impact that varying organic solvents had on the surface area to volume (SAV) ratio was observed. Solvents, such as n-heptane, ethyl isobutyrate, hexane, and diethylformamide were tested in the first emulsion as the organic phase with deionized water as the aqueous phase. Mixtures of ethyl isobutyrate and n-heptane (1:1, 3:7, 7:3) were also tested. After the product was formed, the samples were imaged using scanning electron microscopy. During imaging, bead characteristics that could lead to high surface area to volume ratios were characterized, such as microporosity and the formation of conglomerate structures. Results show surface morphology of PMMA beads can be affected by the type of organic solvent used during emulsion polymerization.
COI 12 - Hetero-dinuclear metal-organic coordination polymers constructed from ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes
First Author
Jacob Ladwig
Gatton Academy
Co-author
Taofeek Ogungbade
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Pauline Norris
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Houyin Zhao
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Bangbo Yan
Western Kentucky University
Hetero-dinuclear synergic catalysis is useful for improving the performance of catalyst-driven systems. Over the past decade, research in coordination chemistry has revealed newfound applications to the field of catalysis, with photocatalysis receiving substantial interest. That said, it is challenging to synthesize hetero-dinuclear coordination polymers in phase purity due to their excessive number of possible intermediates and products. Herein we report several self-assembled ruthenium(II) polypyridyl-containing coordination polymers one-dimensional structures and of the general form [Ru(H2bpc)(M(bpc)(Hbpc)2(H2O))]∙5H2O (H2bpc = 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid; M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn). These compounds have been hydro(solvo)thermally synthesized from RuCl3, a 3d- transition metal salt, and H2bpc. These coordination polymers were analyzed using single-crystal X-ray crystallography, powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. A few of these compounds have been previously reported but have now been synthesized in phase purity. These one-dimensional coordination polymers are composed of chains with alternating metal centers connected by H2bpc ligands. The complex ions for each metal center are [Ru(H2bpc)(Hbpc)(bpc)]- and [M(Hbpc)(H2O)]+. These chains are 'stacked' via hydrogen bonding on the ligands connected to the ruthenium(II) centers. These compounds are expected to exhibit photoredox properties. Namely, photoinduced electron transfer, with experimentation primarily focused on measuring the metallo-photocatalytic reduction of CO2.
COI 5 - Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate using platinum-on-carbon catalysts: effect of additives and solvents
First Author
Christopher Collins
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Lawrence Hill
Western Kentucky University
Carbon dioxide (CO2) can be converted to higher-value chemicals by reaction with hydrogen gas at high temperature and pressure. Different metal catalysts, solvents, and additives affect CO2 hydrogenation rates and control the products formed. We are investigating a series of metal catalysts in ionic liquid solvents to influence CO2 hydrogenation reactions. Commercially-available platinum catalyst on carbon support (Pt/C) has been used in the literature as a standard to compare CO2 hydrogenation catalysts, but we found that Pt/C produced far less methanol than was reported in the literature. The catalytic activity of Pt/C varied significantly depending on the vendor, and the catalytic activity quickly decreased after exposure to air, so we set out to determine factors that might restore the performance of Pt/C.
We found that sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) significantly increased the catalytic activity of Pt/C, while sodium hydroxide (NaOH) had no effect on the catalysis. Further, formate (CHO2-) was the hydrogenation product observed from these reactions rather than methanol (CH3OH) as was reported previously. The above results will be presented and discussed in the context of published mechanistic studies on related materials such as palladium catalysts and reactions of CO2 with NaBH4.
We found that sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) significantly increased the catalytic activity of Pt/C, while sodium hydroxide (NaOH) had no effect on the catalysis. Further, formate (CHO2-) was the hydrogenation product observed from these reactions rather than methanol (CH3OH) as was reported previously. The above results will be presented and discussed in the context of published mechanistic studies on related materials such as palladium catalysts and reactions of CO2 with NaBH4.
COI 1 - Methyl Ketone Heteroarylation Synthesis and Aromatase Inhibition Assay
First Author
Kendra Baker
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Kalyn Koons
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Thu Nguyen
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Lili Ma
Northern Kentucky University
In this study, compounds I61-H37, I60-G67, and I74-G18 were synthesized using a microwave-assisted reaction and a palladium catalyst. Once successfully synthesized, compounds were purified using medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC). Among these three compounds I74-G18 provided the best yield of 49.3%. Aromatase inhibition assay was also performed on seven compounds to determine the inhibition on aromatase. I63-H40 had the greatest percent inhibition of 73.8% at a concentration of 10 µM.
COI 17 - Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Ionenes: Thermal, Morphological and Conductive Properties
First Author
Jordan Pierce
Murray State University
Co-author
Kevin Miller
Murray State University
Co-author
George Timmermann
Murray State University
Co-author
David Salas-de la Cruz
Rutgers University-Camden
Since they were first reported as early as the 1930s, polyurethanes (PUs) are one of the most heavily used commercial polymers due to their broad range of thermal and mechanical properties. The reaction between an alcohol and an isocyanate is often rapid and exothermic and thus applications of polyurethanes are also broad in scope and include adhesives, foams (rigid and flexible), coatings and elastomers. The drawback to polyurethanes of greatest concern is the use of isocyanates which are inherently toxic and are often difficult to make. Here, the synthesis and characterization of a series of polyurethane ionenes (ion-containing) using a non-isocyanate approach is discussed. Imidazole-capped, urethane-containing prepolymers were prepared by first reacting carbonyl diimidazole (CDI) with several poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) diols with variable molecular weight, followed by subsequent reaction with 3-aminopropylimidazole (API). Polymerization with 1,4-dibromomethylbenzene followed by anion exchange resulted in the desired polyurethane ionenes bearing the [NTf2] counteranion as a series of viscous liquids. NMR and FTIR spectroscopy were used to characterize the intermediates and final ionenes, including molecular weight determination by end-group analysis. Thermal (DSC, TGA), morphological (x-ray scattering), and conductive properties will be discussed.
COI 2 - Partial displacement of a triamine ligand from platinum(II) by guanine derivatives
First Author
Alexander Bentley
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Jae Ko
Worldwide Clinical Trials, Seoul, South Korea
Co-author
Kevin Williams
Western Kentucky University
Platinum triamine complexes often have low anticancer activity compared with cisplatin; however, unique activities have been noted for complexes with sterically hindered nitrogen atoms. We have reacted Chloro[2-(4-Methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)ethanamine]platinum(II) chloride ([Pt(L)Cl]Cl with guanine derivatives such as guanosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-GMP) and 9-ethylguanine (9-EtG). Because ([Pt(L)Cl]Cl) exists as a pair of enantiomers, reaction with the former leads to diasteromer products; thus, reaction with 9-EtG can lead to simpler NMR spectra. Reaction of the ([Pt(L)Cl]Cl) with 5'-GMP at pH 4 produces both [Pt(L)(5'-GMP)]+ and [Pt(2L)(5'-GMP)2], the latter having the L ligand binding in a bidentate mode. The latter is not seen when the reaction is conducted at pH 7 or if the original platinum compound has previously been converted to [Pt(L)(D2O)]2+, suggesting the formation of a [Pt(2L)(5'-GMP)Cl] intermediate form at pH 4. These results suggest that ([Pt(L)Cl]Cl) could react with DNA in a bidentate binding mode (similar to cisplatin) under the right conditions.
COI 16 - Polystyrene Beads with Incorporated Photocatalyst
First Author
Kellen Patterson
WKU
Co-author
Matthew Nee
WKU
Oil pollution in aquatic environments is an issue that has become more relevant in recent years especially since many ecosystems are now cornered by climate change, habitat loss, and other human activity. Harnessing photocatalysis by using polymer beads as a substrate is crucial in solving this decades old problem. The photocatalytic beads would float over a body of water and use the light of the sun to speed up the degradation of organic pollutants. Beads comprised of polystyrene were synthesized with a goal of high surface-area-to-volume ratio to maximize photocatalyst incorporation. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed titanium dioxide had been successfully incorporated into the beads' surface structure and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy trials were done to assess the polystyrene beads' effectiveness in degrading organic material. Data showed that methylene blue degraded faster in the presence of the photocatalytic beads than it did alone. Further experiments have been conducted with the polymer polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) which is more biocompatible than polystyrene. PMMA beads were also successfully incorporated with titanium dioxide and UV/vis trials have been conducted to assess their effectiveness.
COI 18 - Reaction of carboplatin analogs with guanine and methionine derivatives
First Author
Robert Purvis
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Kevin Williams
Western Kentucky University
The cancer drug cisplatin (cis-diaminodichloroplatinum(II)) works via DNA adduct formation (most commonly by binding to guanine). However, the platinum(II) center also reacts well with sulfur-containing amino acids (most commonly methionine). Up to 95% of cisplatin will bind to proteins irreversibly, meaning as little as 5% of the drug will be effective in the body. Thus, the efforts in this study are focused on improving cisplatin efficacy. Previous research has shown that rates of reactions with N-AcMet (N-acetylmethionine) and 5'-GMP (guanosine 5'-monophosphate) can be manipulated by changing the leaving and/or non-leaving ligands of the cisplatin compound. In this study, we measured the kinetic effects of two non-leaving amine ligands in a platinum complex with a CBDCA (1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid) leaving ligand identical to the leaving ligand of carboplatin. Using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, the reactions of 5'-GMP and N-AcMet with the platinum complexes [Pt(en)(CBDCA)]2+ and [Pt(Me4en)(CBDCA)]2+ (en = ethylenediamine; Me4en = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) were studied. Analysis of the NMR spectra revealed that the (Me4en) ligand slowed rates of reaction significantly when compared to the rates of reaction in the (en) containing complex. By comparison to previous studies, the CBDCA ligand was more easily displaced by N-AcMet than by 5'-GMP.
COI 8 - Self-assembled hetero-dinuclear metal-organic coordination polymers
First Author
Jacob Houk
The Gatton Academy
Co-author
Bangbo Yan
Western Kentucky University
Hetero-dinuclear synergic catalysis has emerged as a promising field over the past decade, with notable advancements, particularly in the realm of photocatalysis. Photocatalysis is especially valuable for its role in capturing and utilizing CO2 in various industrial processes, ranging from food and beverage production to metal fabrication. However, achieving phase-pure synthesis of hetero-dinuclear coordination polymers is a significant challenge due to the myriad possible variations in their intermediates. This research focuses on the synthesis of self-assembled polymers utilizing ruthenium(III) and 1,10-phenanthroline-3,8-dicarboxylic acid (dcphen) in conjunction with metals such as Zn or Ni. The compounds are hydrothermally synthesized using RuCl3, a 3d-transition metal salt, and dcphen. However, the current attempts haven't resulted in successful crystal formation, despite several trials and modifications to the synthesis method. In the most promising trial, a mixture of RuCl3, dphen, Ni(NO3)2, KOH, MeOH, and H2O was employed. It is anticipated that these compounds will demonstrate photoredox properties, primarily photoinduced electron transfer. This assumption is based on experimentation focused on measuring the metallo-photocatalytic reduction of CO2. This research endeavors to elucidate the structure of these polymers and characterize their properties, aiming to contribute to the advancement of hetero-dinuclear synergic catalysis and its applications in sustainable industrial processes.
COI 19 - Shape-control of platinum/cobalt nanoparticles in ionic liquids for carbon dioxide hydrogenation
First Author
Hannah Sommers
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Lawrence Hill
Western Kentucky University
The catalytic performance of nanoparticles used for CO2 hydrogenation is significantly impacted by the active surface area and shape of the nanoparticles. Surface area and shape are determined during synthesis and can be modulated by varying the identity and concentration of the reducing agent and surfactants. This project centers on controlling nanoparticle size and shape using functionalized ionic liquids with the intention of using the as-synthesized nanoparticles for CO2 hydrogenation in their parent ionic liquids without further purification.
Different nanoparticle sizes and shapes were obtained in ionic liquids by changing the reducing agent used and the concentration of surfactant in solution. These catalysts are intended for CO2 hydrogenation to form methanol, and thus we are currently determining our limits of detection for methanol in these ionic liquid mixtures. These preliminary studies will be followed by CO2 hydrogenation experiments to correlate nanoparticle size, shape, and synthesis history with catalytic performance. This presentation will include ionic liquid synthesis and nanoparticle shape control, as well as our current progress on methanol detection and CO2 hydrogenation with these catalysts.
Different nanoparticle sizes and shapes were obtained in ionic liquids by changing the reducing agent used and the concentration of surfactant in solution. These catalysts are intended for CO2 hydrogenation to form methanol, and thus we are currently determining our limits of detection for methanol in these ionic liquid mixtures. These preliminary studies will be followed by CO2 hydrogenation experiments to correlate nanoparticle size, shape, and synthesis history with catalytic performance. This presentation will include ionic liquid synthesis and nanoparticle shape control, as well as our current progress on methanol detection and CO2 hydrogenation with these catalysts.
COI 20 - Structure and synthesis of ruthenium based metal-organic framework photocatalyst for the reduction of carbon dioxide
First Author
Charles Uland
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Bangbo Yan
Western Kentucky University
Photocatalysis brings promising capabilities in the removal of carbon dioxide from the environment. Among others, metal-organic frameworks (MOF) have great potential as photocatalysts for the reduction of carbon dioxide. In recent years, most work focused on synthesizing ruthenium complexes as the catalyst. In this presentation, we report the synthesis of MOFs consisting of different metal ions, such as manganese (II) or copper (II), to connect to ruthenium (II) using 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (BPC) as the ligand. The MOFs were made by heating a reaction mixture of ruthenium (III) chloride monohydrate, manganese (II) chloride tetrahydrate, BPC, and ethanol under hydrothermal conditions. The crystal structures of the MOFs were analyzed using single crystal X-ray diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction. We expect the new MOF to be a suitable photocatalyst for carbon dioxide reduction and sequestration.
COI 7 - Synthesis and Analysis of Lumiestrone
First Author
Jason Grothaus
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Trever Lee
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Patrick Hare
Northern Kentucky University
Humans and animals can excrete hormone steroids like estrone from their bodies. These hormones then become environmental contaminants because estrone has been found to have adverse effects on aquatic environments. Because estrone reacts with UV light to form the epimer lumiestrone, the product has the potential to have similar adverse effects. In this experiment, lumiestrone was synthesized and purified in order to begin to study its photochemical and photophysical properties. A three-hour reflux reaction followed by recrystallization and column filtration resulted in a relatively pure sample of lumiestrone that could be studied. This sequence resulted in an average yield of 7.7 %. Photophysical and photochemical properties like photodegradation rates, fluorescence lifetimes, the fluorescence quantum yield, and absorption spectra were measured.
COI 11 - Synthesis and Computer Modeling of Heteroaryl Methyl Ketones
First Author
Kalyn Koons
Northern Kentucky University
In an attempt to synthesize potentially bioactive molecules to serve as drug candidates in the future, specifically against breast cancer, a series of methyl ketones were synthesized in a palladium-catalyzed heteroarylation reaction under microwave irradiation. Products were purified using Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography (MPLC) and confirmed with Nuclear Magnetic Radiation (NMR) and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). Furthermore, computer modeling was used to study the binding affinity of the proposed molecules with aromatase, a pharmaceutical target for breast cancer.
COI 9 - Synthesis of Amino Acid Oxacalixarenes
First Author
Adrienne Hafley
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Khuyen Ho
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Joshua Shockey
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Sam Thompson
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
KC Russell
Northern Kentucky University
Calixarenes are cyclic macromolecules made up of aromatic rings connected by methylene bridges. Within the calixarene is a cavity which can hold and transport other molecules. This research reviews the attempts to synthesize a calixarene that integrates an amino acid. The presence of chiral centers around the periphery of the calixarene could allow for recognition of chiral compounds, while the amino acid will allow for further modification for recognition for larger biomolecules. The goal of this research is to prepare an oxacalixarene, where the aromatic rings are connected by oxygen rather than a methylene bridge, that incorporates the chiral neurotransmitter 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine (L-DOPA). Initial oxacalixarene synthesis was unsuccessful when Boc-L-DOPA methyl ester was used with 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. This may be due to the oxidation of L-DOPA to produce an insoluble melanin-like polymer. This poster will discuss our efforts to circumvent this problem, including more rigorous solvent purification, use of inert atmosphere reactions, exploration of different solvents and bases, and using the more robust N-acetyl protecting group for L-DOPA methyl ester.
COI 4 - The Adherence of Photocatalysts to Biodegradable Polymer Beads
First Author
Kal-El Cline
Carol Martin Gatton Academy of Mathematics and Science
Co-author
Matthew Nee
Western Kentucky University
Lack of freshwater access is a huge problem worldwide, and a large reason people cannot access this water is due to pollution. The water is filled with volatile compounds, chemicals, and other trash. While many solutions have been attempted, photocatalytic beads are one of the cheapest and most effective. Photocatalysis is the process of using sunlight to open free radicals that are then adhered to and the process continues. The beads are adhered to finely divided, commercially-available photocatalysts which speed up this process. The beads can then be recovered and reapplied, and the process can be repeated. However, the problem is that some of these beads cannot be recovered, making them pollutants as well. Thus, we are working on beads that can organically break down after the photocatalysts are finished with their processes. Using Poly(methyl methacrylate) beads over the summer as a guide, a procedure has been formed to use Poly(lactic acid) since it breaks down organically. Throughout the summer, multiple variables were tested, with the main variable tested being alcohol-water solutions. Through this it was learned that ethanol water mixtures give greater porosity to the beads, allowing for more photocatalysts to be adhered, making the degradation process more efficient.
COI 3 - Tri-Amine Platinum Complex with a Seven Membered Chelate Ring Interactions with N-Acetyl-L-Methionine and 2-hydroxy-4-(m
First Author
Onu Chukwu
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Kevin Williams
Western Kentucky University
Platinum compounds can exhibit cytotoxic activity through reaction with DNA; however, interaction with proteins, especially at methionine residues, is another common biological reaction. Our lab has synthesized Chloro[2-(4-Methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl) ethanamine]platinum(II) chloride ([Pt(L)Cl]Cl), which has a tridentate binding mode for the amine ligand. This study focused on characterization of its reactivity at pH 4 and 7. The mass spectrometry of N-AcMet Interaction with [Pt(L)Cl]+ showed a m/z of 542 and 579 for reactions at pH 4. The m/z of 542 suggests displacement of the chloride by the N-AcMet [Pt(L)(N-AcMet)] while 579 suggests displacement of one of the ligand nitrogen atoms [Pt(L)(N-AcMet)Cl]. By contrast, reactions at pH 7 showed [Pt(L)(N-AcMet)] as the only product, possibly due to the displacement of the Cl by water. Chararacteristic peaks in the 1H and 195Pt NMR spectra were observed for each of the products observed by mass spectrometry Reactions with 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butyrate, a methionine analog that lacks a nitrogen atom, showed similar reactivity patterns to that of N-AcMet, suggesting the nitrogen atom of the N-AcMet is not coordinating with the platinum atom. Our results indicate that when the chloride is still attached to the platinum, displacement of the chloride and an amine nitrogen are both possible.
COI 13 - Using GPU accelerated molecular dynamics to explore the cyclohexane chair-chair conformational change
First Author
John Mullins
Lindsey Wilson College
Co-author
Tyler Buffel
Lindsey Wilson College
Co-author
Andrew Johnson
Lindsey Wilson College
Conformational dynamics and energetics are concepts taught universally early on in an introductory organic chemistry course. However, few laboratory experiences explore this area beyond simple quantum/molecular mechanics calculations. These static models are useful for helping connect how conformation and energy are related, but they occlude the dynamic nature of the conformational change. With the advent of graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerated molecular dynamics (MD) software, it is now possible to simulate large collections of molecules in an efficient manner. In this lab experience, MD simulations of large boxes (5000 molecules) of cyclohexane derivatives are performed. For each example, two simulations are conducted; one where all molecules are placed with axial substituents and one where they are placed equatorial. Analysis of populations of the two chair conformation over time allows students to calculate rate constants of the chair-chair transition in both directions and estimate the free energy and equilibrium constant for the conformational change. Results for a variety of alkyl substituents in both monosubstituted and cis-1,4 disubstituted configuration are presented.
COI 15 - Visible light generation of new phthalocyanine-manganese-oxo intermediate and insights from kinetic studies in real time
First Author
Sobenna Onyeso
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Tristan Skipworth
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Rui Zhang
Western Kentucky University
Phthalocyanine metal complexes have gained significant interest as bioinspired catalysts due to their resemblance to heme-containing macrocycles (porphyrin), exceptional redox and optical properties, as well as simplicity of direct synthesis on a large scale. However, mechanistic insights into catalytic oxidations of MPc's are under-explored, especially the identification and characterization of Its metal-oxo species. Prior to this work, the reactivity of metal-oxo species on phthalocyanine platforms had never been reported. In this study, a new phthalocyanine-manganese-oxo intermediate has been generated and characterized by visible-light photolysis of chlorate or nitrite manganese (III) precursors. The photo-generated manganese-oxo species exhibited a wide range of reactivity towards alkenes, benzylic hydrocarbons, alcohols, and sulfides. The second-order rate constants (kox) range from 4.1 10-3 M-1s-1 for cis-cyclooctene to 1.3 M-1s-1 for thioanisole. The direct kinetic studies of the photo-generated metal-oxo species in the oxidation of various substrates have provided insights into probing its mechanistic roles.
ECO 17 - Evaluating the Effectiveness of Tire Traps for Mosquito Control
First Author
Blake Biddle
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Ethan Waddle
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Allison Parker
Northern Kentucky University
Discarded tires are a good environment for female mosquitoes to lay their eggs and for the resulting larvae to develop. Tires are able to hold sufficient amounts of nutrient-rich water and shelter the developing larvae from harm until they pupate and emerge as adults. The best way to control mosquito-borne diseases is through controlling the mosquitoes themselves. The goal of this experiment was to determine if a mosquito trap created from used tires can be implemented for mosquito control. Traps were created by cutting tires into quarters and placing one quarter into another making a tire-like, covered habitat. One tire trap and one normal, intact tire were placed at five sites in Boone County, KY. Mosquito pupae and larvae were collected from the tires weekly for twelve weeks and identified to species. A total of 9,786 mosquitoes from 10 different species were collected from all sites with 5,809 mosquitoes collected from the tire traps and 3,977 were collected from natural tires. The effectiveness of these traps suggests that the tire traps can be used to control mosquito populations in residential areas. Future studies will examine if citizens are able to properly use these traps for mosquito control in their yards.
ECO 18 - Sex differences in morphology and site use by Northern Cardinals obtained through the Taking Flight bird banding program
First Author
Ian Connelly
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Mayani Montanez
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Franklin Matics
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Lorelai Purvis
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Blue Rudick
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Joshua Sandifer
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Alex Martin
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Lathan Herzog
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Cailin Kernan
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Eli Hurley
Taking Flight Next Level
Additional Authors: Anna Holder, David Westneat, Tina Brouwer Kraska, Annie Griggs, Darnell Garrett, and Shaundel Pleasant. Since 2018, Taking Flight has been catching and marking Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis). Taking Flight is a collaboration between the University of Kentucky's Ecological Research and Education Center, Red Oaks Forest School, and KidsMakeIt, designed to introduce youth in Central Kentucky to the principles of science and the values of being in nature via engaging them in banding birds. Here, we used the data collected on band number, trap location, sex of the bird, and morphology to assess differences between individual birds in their body dimensions and residency at the field station. We found that in both sexes, some birds are resident, in some cases for several years, whereas others are only seen once. Males stay longer than females. Males also have slightly bigger bill dimensions than females. We do not know if this means males eat different foods than females. We suspect males are more easily caught than females and will use resighting data to assess this idea.
ECO 19 - Northern cardinal use of the invasive Amur honeysuckle: Food source, protection, or both?
First Author
Dexter Vilt
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Ian Connelly
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Mayani Montanez
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Franklin Matics
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Lorelai Purvis
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Blue Rudick
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Joshua Sandifer
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Alex Martin
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Lathan Herzog
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Eli Hurley
Taking Flight Next Level
Additional Authors: Cailin Kernan, Anna Holder, David Westneat, Tina Brouwer Kraska, Annie Griggs, Darnell Garrett, and Shaundel Pleasant. Northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) often inhabit areas dominated by the invasive plant, Amur honeysuckle. Students participating in the Taking Flight program tested two hypotheses for the apparent preference cardinals have for areas with this plant. Honeysuckle produces dense cover and so may provide protection when major predators such as Accipiter hawks are present. If so, we reasoned that cardinals would be reluctant to forage on a preferred food source away from honeysuckle unless other vegetation provided cover. Honeysuckle also produces berries containing seeds, especially in autumn, so cardinals may prefer it for the food supply. Cardinals appear to prefer sunflower seed over honeysuckle, so if food supply is the main benefit of inhabiting honeysuckle, cardinals should come to locations of sunflower regardless of cover. We videotaped feeding sites located in honeysuckle or 10 m away from honeysuckle either in the open or next to non-honeysuckle cover. We extracted the number of visits and their duration from videos and compared them between the three bin sites to test the two hypotheses.
ECO 20 - Song complexity in the Northern Cardinal
First Author
Alyssa Rigney
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Mayani Montanez
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Franklin Matics
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Lorelai Purvis
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Blue Rudick
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Cailin Kernan
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Joshua Sandifer
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Alex Martin
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Lathan Herzog
Taking Flight Next Level
Co-author
Eli Hurley
Taking Flight Next Level
Additional authors: Anna Holder, David Westneat, Tina Brouwer Kraska, Annie Griggs, Darnell Garrett, and Shaundel Pleasant. Students in the Taking Flight program recorded songs of Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) in spring and summer 2023. We passed the recordings through the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology's Raven Lite sound analysis software and devised a dictionary of cardinal note types. Songs (series of notes produced in sequence), bouts of singing (series of songs recorded in one session) were coded for note complexity. Most birds were individually marked, so we were able to assess for individuality in song behavior. Cardinal produce a diversity of note types with many containing multiple sounds and harmonics. We generated hypotheses about the reasons for the complexity and individual differences in preparation for future Taking Flight students to investigate.
ECO 21 - Tick Species Distribution and Seasonality within the Northern Kentucky Region
First Author
Amy Harouna
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Nancy Le
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Allison Parker
Northern Kentucky University
Ticks are vectors of diseases that can infect humans and other animals, and different species of ticks transmit different diseases. The northern Kentucky region is within a zone of tick expansion with blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, moving from the north and the Lone Star ticks, Amblyomma americanum, moving from the south. This study aims to examine the distribution and seasonality of tick species zone of tick expansion. Starting in June 2022, tick collection occurred weekly across an anthropogenic, land-use gradient at ten sites. A drag cloth was pulled over each 500-meter transect and was checked every 10 meters for ticks. All ticks were collected and identified to species in the laboratory. One hundred nine American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis), 91 blacklegged ticks (Ix. scapularis), and 2 Lone Star ticks (Am. americanum), have been collected for a total of 202 ticks. American dog ticks were most commonly collected in summer months peaking in June and July whereas blacklegged ticks were most collected between October and April, peaking in November. Sampling is ongoing and will continue through August 2024. Understanding tick species distribution and seasonality in the region allows for effective control strategies to reduce ticks and tick-borne diseases.
ECO 22 - Differences in reproductive timing and fecundity in two fly species adapted to different host plants
First Author
Kaitlyn Damron
University of Louisville
Co-author
Alyssa Gebhardt
University of Louisville
Co-author
Alycia Lackey
University of Louisville
Life history traits, like reproductive timing and offspring number, are often shaped by selection from the environment as well as developmental correlations or constraints with other traits, including body size or development time. We tested whether reproductive timing and fecundity were predicted by body size, age, or their interaction. Additionally, we compared whether these relationships differed between two species of Rhagoletis flies adapted to different host plants (hawthorns and walnuts). In both species, body size did not predict whether flies produced eggs or how many eggs they produced. Moreover, even though walnut flies were larger than hawthorn flies, only 5% of walnut flies produced eggs by 20 days old, while over 50% of hawthorn flies produced eggs by that age. Timing of reproduction also differed between the species. In hawthorn flies, the minimum age of reproduction was 10 days and, by 15 and 20 days old, ~85% of flies produced eggs. In contrast, only 1 walnut fly produced eggs by 20 days old, suggesting that walnut flies have delayed reproductive maturity compared to hawthorn flies. Our results identify adult age as the primary predictor for egg production and reveal stark differences in reproductive timing between species adapted to different host plants.
ECO 23 - A comparison of bat acoustic monitoring survey methods within an Ohio river riparian forest
First Author
Lillie Daniel
Thomas More University
Co-author
Susan Brown
Boone County Conservation District Kentucky
Bats fulfill several integral purposes within an ecosystem including insect control, pollination, seed dispersal, and forest health indication. The following study was conducted in June and July 2023 to determine what species of bats were present in three Ohio riparian forest sites and two inland sites in Boone and Campbell County, Kentucky. This study was twofold: to provide baseline data about species diversity within Northern Kentucky and to evaluate the impact of unique habitat based on geology to this diversity. Ohio riparian forest habitats included an area near a wetland water source and open and closed canopy forest. The inland habitats included areas defined by glacial deposits, limestone, sinkholes, rock caves, and large canopy forest. Boone Cliffs is notable in Boone County for its Quaternary glacial conglomerates with cave-like structures and protected holes for roosting. The purpose of this study was to gain better understanding of our forest's health in order to make wise land use decisions. This is part of an ongoing project between the Boone County Conservation District and partners to learn more about habitat biodiversity and review the overall forest health in the county and nearby areas. After weeklong stationary surveys and mobile acoustic monitoring of echolocation calls, a total of eleven species were detected across five sites.
ECO 24 - Aggression Plasticity within G. Rubens.
First Author
Talon Hatton
Georgetown College
Aggression within Gryllus rubens, or southeastern field cricket, is extremely useful, both for survival and resource holding within wild environments. Plasticity in aggression can drastically change an animal's fitness. This research was conducted to determine whether cricket aggression resetting via flight for long-winged (LW) male G. rubens had any variance from what we observed in G. rubens short-winged (SW) males. Cricket aggression levels were rated by using the scale chart from previous research papers. We recorded fights; with the losers of the previous rounds advancing to let us observe any potential loser effects and rank aggression from a scale of –1 to 6. We then analyzed these fights via recording and observed any differences between the first-round scores to the second-round scores where we hypothesized there would be a loser effect present. The average aggression levels that were recorded from the first to second trial suggests that the observed loser effect in LW crickets is more pronounced than with SW G. Rubens trials. This agrees with previous findings, that SW males are much more aggressive, while the LW males do not display this pattern and show a more pronounced loser effect.
ECO 25 - Using songbirds as indicators of the condition of managed forests on the Cumberland Plateau.
First Author
Ethan Hovermale
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Josh Castle
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
David Brown
Eastern Kentucky University
Over the last half century bird populations have experienced a cumulative decline in biomass of three billion, with migratory woodland birds being most affected. To combat this problem many forest management programs work to increase populations of focal species, which are sometimes uncommon. The objective of this project was to identify common species that indicate healthy forest conditions that benefit less common focal species. To accomplish this, we sampled 20 randomly selected blocks, each with 6-8 sites, at both Catoosa Wildlife Management Area in Tennessee and Kentucky Ridge State Forest in Kentucky. Blocks were stratified by forest stand seral stages (early successional, middle age, mature, late successional). At each site we performed ten minute bird surveys and collected data on forest structure and composition. We conducted an indicator species analysis in Program R using the package 'indicspecies.' We found a large number of indicators of early successional habitats, and no associated indicators of middle aged habitat, and all indicators of mature habitat also functioned as indicators of late successional habitat. Our results can be used by managers as a baseline to monitor changes to forest conditions, but additional analysis may be necessary to identify indicators in some habitats.
ECO 26 - How do invasive plants take advantage of timing to facilitate their invasion?
First Author
Allison Turner
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Bianca Turner
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Yingying Xie
Northern Kentucky University
Invasive plant species that outcompete native species in northeastern North America reduce local biodiversity and strain ecosystem health. However, how invasives time their life cycles to take advantage over natives is under-researched on a national scale. This study tested two hypotheses behind this advantage: (1) priority effects of using resources first, and (2) greater plasticity to climate variation. We investigated invasive shrubs (Lonicera morrowii and Rosa multiflora) and native shrubs (Gaylussacia baccata and Vaccinium angustifolium) using iNaturalist and digitized herbarium specimen records. Timing of life cycle events (i.e., phenology) was extracted from images and compared across species and ecoregions in the United States. Images included coordinates that linked with climate data in the area. Phenological sensitivity to climate was estimated using statistical models across species and ecoregions. Results suggest that V. angustifolium buds and flowers the earliest, while L. morrowii fruits the earliest. R. multiflora transitions to all three phenophases the latest, but it holds fruits for the longest time period among four species. Among four shared ecoregions, three areas showed G. baccata with the highest sensitivity from flowering time to warming in spring. V. angustifolium showed the lowest sensitivity in three ecoregions, as well. Other than L. morrowii claiming the highest phenological sensitivity in one ecoregion, both invasive species displayed no real advantage in advancing phenophases with respect to warming temperatures. These findings can contribute to conservation efforts under local environmental context; results suggest that a different factor is allowing these invasive species to dominate ecoregions over native species.
ECO 27 - Effectiveness of Nature Camps on Children's Knowledge and Attitudes towards Nature
First Author
Cassidy Keeling
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Stephen Sumithran
Eastern Kentucky University
Effectiveness of Nature Camps on Children's Knowledge and Attitudes towards Nature. KEELING, CASSIDY E., STEPHEN SUMITHRAN, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475
Nature camps are a type of outdoor education program that provides children with an immersive outdoor experience. It is essential for children to have outdoor experiences in order to increase their environmental knowledge and reinforce positive attitudes toward nature. Previous research suggests that nature camps may help to promote knowledge and positive attitudes toward nature, ensuring a lasting connection and continued environmentally conscious behaviors. This study examined the effectiveness of nature camps to positively impact children's attitudes and knowledge toward nature. Children ages 5-13 (n = 182) attending a nature camp at Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest in Kentucky completed pre- and post-camp questionnaires. Questionnaires examined the camp's effectiveness in increasing children's knowledge and attitudes toward nature by comparing children's desire to be outside, care for nature, and knowledge of nature pre- and post-camp. Results demonstrate a significant increase in knowledge of habitats (p = 0.0253) and pollinators (p = 0.0032), and an increased preference for playing outside over playing video games (p = 0.0450). These results indicate that nature camps are successful at positively affecting children's attitudes and knowledge toward nature.
Nature camps are a type of outdoor education program that provides children with an immersive outdoor experience. It is essential for children to have outdoor experiences in order to increase their environmental knowledge and reinforce positive attitudes toward nature. Previous research suggests that nature camps may help to promote knowledge and positive attitudes toward nature, ensuring a lasting connection and continued environmentally conscious behaviors. This study examined the effectiveness of nature camps to positively impact children's attitudes and knowledge toward nature. Children ages 5-13 (n = 182) attending a nature camp at Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest in Kentucky completed pre- and post-camp questionnaires. Questionnaires examined the camp's effectiveness in increasing children's knowledge and attitudes toward nature by comparing children's desire to be outside, care for nature, and knowledge of nature pre- and post-camp. Results demonstrate a significant increase in knowledge of habitats (p = 0.0253) and pollinators (p = 0.0032), and an increased preference for playing outside over playing video games (p = 0.0450). These results indicate that nature camps are successful at positively affecting children's attitudes and knowledge toward nature.
ECO 28 - The Evolution of Arthropod Reaction to the Presence of Smoke
First Author
Adam Miles
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Albert Meier
Western Kentucky University
Many animals have a survival instinct to flee in response to fire, but do they respond to smoke? Many arthropods are known to respond to fire by moving in the opposite direction (a negative response) from a fire or to find shelter. This response behavior has been observed in some terrestrial arthropods, but currently is unknown for marine, aquatic, or cave arthropods, which are atypically exposed to smoke or fire. My research is investigating the behavioral response to smoke of arthropods by comparing responses by aquatic, terrestrial, and marine arthropods. I am assessing the response of arthopods that currently live in a different system than their ancestors. These arthropods may have retained the behavior of a negative response with respect to fire or smoke. Via experiments, I am testing test whether aquatic arthropods derived from terrestrial arthropods have retained, lost, or gained this behavior. Moreover, the responses will be studied in the context of reduced sensory receptors, observed in cave beetles. I am also interested in whether arthropods have a different response when they are exposed to smoke at different times of the day. Predicted results are that aquatic arthropods have retained a response to smoke while marine and cave arthropods do not have a response to smoke. Further, different times of the day do not have an affect to the response of exposure to smoke.
ECO 29 - Do dietary phytochemicals alter behavioral aggression in the honey bee, Apis mellifera?
First Author
Wade Pike
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Erin Treanore
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Clare Rittschof
University of Kentucky
Seasonal shifts in food availability for foraging honey bees result in nutritional resource allocation from nectar foraging to the more risky behavior of robbing. During a robbing event, foragers will invade a weaker colony and forcefully remove stored honey resulting in the death of many worker bees. Though the cause is poorly understood, this aggressive shift in behavior is also followed by a change in consumed food substrate from foraging nectar to robbing of honey. One possible explanation for this shift in aggression is that these two food substrates can have high variance in the amount of secondary plant metabolites, many of which are known to have neuroactive properties in insects. We utilized established aggression assays to investigate if this shift in food substrate has an effect on overall honey bee aggression and consequently compared the occurrence of individual aggression behaviors and diet consumption. Though we found no significant differences in overall aggression between phytochemical treatments we did find significant variances in the occurrence of antennations in honey bees fed p-coumaric acid and in flexion events in bees fed a diet of taurine. We also found that bees fed a diet high in quercetin consumed significantly less diet than control bees. These results suggest a possible link in nutritional phytochemical variance to changes in honey bee aggression behavior. Each phytochemical titer abundance in honey versus nectar should be individually evaluated to determine their effect on honey bee aggression.
ECO 30 - Effect of the Insecticide, Fipronil, on Culex Female Mosquito Oviposition Choice
First Author
Abilene Morgan
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Kalkidan Alemu
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Allison Parker
Northern Kentucky University
Culex mosquitoes are the primary vectors of diseases that affect humans and other animals, including West Nile virus. Two semi-controlled field assays were conducted to determine if the insecticide Fipronil has an effect on oviposition (egg-laying) choice of female Culex mosquitoes. The first field assay examined how differences in concentration impact oviposition choice. For the first assay, the concertation of Fipronil was varied (control with no Firponil, low dose of 25 mL of Fipronil, high dose of 50 mL of Fipronil) across the three at five sites. For the second assay, the timing of Fipronil addition was differed (control with no Fipronil, 50mL of Fipronil added once, 50mL of Fipronil added biweekly) at five additional sites. For ten weeks, egg rafts are collected daily and identified to species. The results show that female Culex mosquitoes significantly prefer to oviposit in containers with higher concentrations of Fipronil and in containers with continual addition of Fipronil. The results of this study suggest that Fipronil can be used to control mosquito populations at the larval stage. Future studies are planned to determine the lethal dosage of insecticide required for both larval and adult Culex mosquitoes.
ECO 31 - Restoration of a Lonicera maackii invaded forest: Can native species compete in order to restore the forests?
First Author
Ewing Wiley
Asbury University
Co-author
Marvin Ruffner
Asbury University
The issue of Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) within Central Kentucky has become an enormous problem throughout the native forests and farmland. This species has taken over the undergrowth of the forests, causing forest floors to be desolate from any growth. The main objectives of this study were to determine whether native plantings reduced the invasion of L. maackii and to determine whether biodiversity was increased in experimental areas where L. maackii was removed. In the summer of 2022, a study was designed with three replications where the treatments were untreated control; L. maackii removal with 20% (v/) glyphosate cut-stump application; and L. maackii removal with 20% (v/) glyphosate cut-stump treatment followed by spicebush, Elymus, and rough leaf dogwood plantings. As was predicted a year later, there was significantly lower canopy cover of L. maackii in plots where L. maackii was removed compared to the untreated plots. The average L. maackii cover in the untreated plots compared to their cover in the removal and plantings was 91% to 4%, respectively. There was also an observance of increased species richness in the plots where L. maackii was removed compared to the untreated plots; the average number of species for each plot was 8 and 2 species, respectively. These findings are encouraging for small farmlands and forests because one can begin to facilitate the recovery of native species where L. maackii has taken over.
ECO 32 - Feeding Preference of Adult Monarch Butterflies on Native Kentucky Wildflowers
First Author
Trey Zinsmeister
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Allison Parker
Northern Kentucky University
Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are an endangered, nectar-feeding butterfly that migrates to Kentucky during the summer remaining from of June through August. Many factors have contributed to the decline of Monarchs including habitat loss and pesticide use which have also effected many of our native wildflowers. A choice experiment with butterfly milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa), tall garden phlox (Phlox paniculata), and blanket flower (Gaillardia aristate) was performed in greenhouses to determine if Monarchs have a feeding preference on different Kentucky wildflowers. Adult Monarch butterflies were monitored daily to determine which flowers the Monarchs fed on. The results show that Monarchs fed on three native wildflowers in the absence of other food sources. When all three wildflower species were housed together, the blanket flower was fed on the least while the butterfly milkweed was feed on the most. The results of this project will be used to inform gardeners on which native plants should be planted in their gardens to attract Monarchs and other pollinators supporting the native plants, as well as providing habitat for Monarchs, other pollinators and birds.
MIC 1 - An Artificially Split Class 3 Intein
First Author
Tia Ariagno
Murray State University
Co-author
John Smetana
Murray State University
Co-author
Christopher Lennon
Murray State University
Inteins excise themselves from precursor polypeptides through protein splicing, joining N- and C-exteins with a peptide bond. Split inteins are expressed as separate polypeptides that undergo protein trans splicing (PTS). Here, we demonstrate PTS can be achieved using an artificially split class 3 intein. Because class 3 inteins use an internal initiating nucleophile near the C-extein junction, rather than the first residue of the intein, both catalytic nucleophiles are present on a single polypeptide. This results in a compact arrangement of catalytic nucleophiles for PTS compared to the standard arrangement for split class 1 inteins.
MIC 2 - The Discovery Of Gwendoluna, a Viral Predator of Mycobacterium smegmatis
First Author
Savanna Arnold
Gatton Academy
Co-author
Rodney King
Western Kentucky University
The purpose of this project was to isolate and analyze a bacteriophage capable of infecting Mycobacterium smegmatis, a common soil microbe related to important human pathogens. A soil sample was collected from WKU's campus and used to enrich for mycobacteriophages. Spot plates were created to quickly test whether any viable bacteriophages were present within the samples. After the presence of bacteriophage was verified, a homogenous population, as determined by uniform plaque morphology, was generated through several rounds of plaque purification. A high concentration of phage particles was prepared and analyzed using the electron microscope. These results showed that Gwendoluna is a member of the Siphoviridae family of phages. Gwendoluna's genomic DNA was purified and the concentration was measured using a spectrometer. Restriction enzyme digests were performed using the purified DNA and the products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The genomic DNA was only cut by a subset of the enzymes that were tested. Our results suggest that Gwendoluna is a novel mycobacteriophage. The information gained from this study has expanded our understanding of bacteriophage distribution and diversity.
MIC 3 - DNA damage response coregulator ddrR is a global regulator in Acinetobacter baumannii 17978
First Author
Deborah Cook
Morehead State University
Co-author
Mollee Flannigan
Morehead State University
Co-author
Janelle Hare
Morehead State University
Acinetobacter baumannii strain ATCC 17978 is an opportunistic pathogen that possesses a unique DNA damage repair response (DDRR) that is regulated by the UmuD homolog, UmuDAb, rather than typical DDRR repressor, LexA. DDRR co-regulation in A. baumannii involves the Acinetobacter-specific gene, ddrR. A previous analysis aligned RNAseq reads to the early reference ATCC 17978 assembly GCA_000015425.1, which contained many annotation errors and did not include a 44 kb AbaAL44 region shared by 17978 UN and 17978 JH (our lab strain designation). Accurate RNAseq data analysis relies on the genome assemblies' quality for aligning the reads. We hypothesize that RNAseq analysis using reads aligned to a newer and better-annotated genome, 17978 UN, will identify more genes in connected operons and pathways. The University of Louisville Bioinformatics core mapped the original RNAseq reads to the newer A. baumannii 17978 UN assembly GCA_019356215.1 which more closely matches the 17978 JH strain. New DESeq2 analysis compared mitomycin C (MMC) treated to the untreated for each strain for genes differentially expressed after treatment (i.e., induced or repressed). The statistical cutoff was adjusted p-value of < 0.05. A second analysis compared basal expression for each mutant strain compared to 17978 JH wildtype with no MMC treatment. In the new DESeq2 MMC treatment induction/repression analysis, many of the correctly annotated genes retained significance when compared to the old analysis. However, some genes that were previously incorrectly annotated were no longer significant. This new reference genome also enabled the identification of some significant genes that were not previously annotated in the original reference genome. Interestingly, the basal expression comparison showed that over 800 genes are upregulated, and more than 1200 genes are downregulated in the ddrR mutant compared to 17978 JH wildtype. With this substantial impact in regulating cellular processes, ddrR appears to be a global cellular regulator and could be a therapeutic target for future antibacterial treatment of A. baumannii infections.
MIC 4 - Bioremediation Potential In The Discovery Of Resistant Microbes In Wastewater
First Author
Jacob Gildenblatt
NKU
Co-author
Cristina Alexander
SD1
Co-author
Jessica Johnson
NKU
Co-author
Sarah Griffith
SD1
Co-author
Subhomita Ghosh Roy
NKU
Co-author
Joseph Mester
NKU
Wastewater treatment plants rely on naturally occurring aerobic microorganisms and activated sludge systems to consume municipal and industrial wastes. This process involves preliminary treatment screenings, primary treatment, aeration, secondary treatment, and then disinfection. The project goal was to identify bacteria in wastewater with the ability to detoxify heavy metal contaminants and inactivate antibiotics. Resistant organisms were isolated with selective media containing heavy metals and/or antibiotics and further identified. Grab samples were collected at the Dry Creek facility of Sanitation District 1 at various points of the wastewater treatment process, including the headworks post screening inputs, primary treatment holding tanks which included sludge samples, primary effluents, and secondary effluents from clarifiers before disinfection. The samples were cultured in Mueller-Hinton media with combinations of heavy metals (lead, zinc, and arsenic) and/or antibiotics (chloramphenicol and ampicillin). Bacteria from each sampling location that were resistant to these chemicals were isolated, and their colony and cell morphology characterized. The organisms were then identified by 16S DNA sequencing. Alcaligens faecalis, Kersteria gyiorum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examples of some of the bacteria identified. The overall extent of ampicillin and zinc resistance was determined in additional grab samples collected at the same points in the wastewater treatment process. Zinc resistance was evident in ~7% of total bacteria, and ampicillin resistance was evident in ~40% of total bacteria. The levels of zinc and antibiotic resistance were consistent across all sampling points. Bacteria resistant to zinc and ampicillin were present in early primary treatment as well as in the later clarifiers. The clarifier samples exhibited a significant overall reduction in the number of microbes, proving the effectiveness of applying an activated sludge treatment process prior to the addition of any chemical disinfection. The mechanisms of resistance to heavy metals and antibiotics are being characterized at the genetic and biochemical levels. These organisms have bioremediation potential and may assist in detoxifying contaminated environments.
MIC 5 - Identifying DdrR-interacting proteins with two-hybrid system assays
First Author
Ethan Newsom
Morehead State University
Co-author
Deborah Cook
Morehead State University
Co-author
Janelle Hare
Morehead State University
Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that has a mutagenic response to DNA damage. Such a response allows the pathogen to develop drug resistance. What differentiates this pathogen from other bacteria with similar responses to DNA damage are the proteins involved in regulating the error-prone polymerases. A. baumannii uses UmuDAb and DdrR as regulators instead of LexA. While UmuDAb is analogous to LexA, DdrR provides the pathogen with an additional level of control regarding its DNA damage response. The discovery of the protein that DdrR interacts with could provide new drug targets, which is important because the CDC has deemed the antibiotic resistance level of A. baumannii an 'urgent threat' due to some strains' resistance to nearly all antibiotics. We would like to discover which protein(s) interact with DdrR through the use of a two-hybrid library utilizing the BACTH (bacterial adenylate cyclase) system. We have produced two plasmid libraries containing randomly digested DNA fragments and have begun the process of screening them for positive interactions with DdrR. After screening millions of colonies, several potential positives have been identified and are being verified. If they are true positives, we will have identified a protein that interacts with DdrR.
MIC 6 - Impact of SAM1 and SAM2 Gene Deletion on ATP Concentration in Synchronized Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells.
First Author
Abhishek Singh
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Warunya Panmanee
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Erin Strome
Northern Kentucky University
The SAM1 and SAM2 genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are responsible for synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) from ATP and methionine. This project analyzed the ATP concentrations in synchronized wildtype, sam1Δ/sam1Δ, and sam2Δ/sam2Δ strains of S. cerevisiae. The objective was to find out if the deletion of the SAM1 or SAM2 gene affects the ATP concentration in S. cerevisiae, controlling for cell cycle phase. We used nocodazole to arrest cells in G2 phase, then cells were released from the arrest and allowed to grow till they reached G1 phase. Multiple ATP assays were performed on these G1 cells to measure ATP concentration in each cell type. Results suggest that the deletion of neither the SAM1 gene nor the SAM2 gene significantly affects the concentration of ATP. Further, the concentration of ATP produced by sam1Δ/sam1Δ cells and sam2Δ/sam2Δ cells were not significantly different.
MIC 7 - Targeting HSP60 for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Management: An In Vitro Analysis on Human Caco-2 Cells
First Author
Jessie Thind
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Donald Bryant
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Marcia Pierce
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Rishi Drolia
Old Dominion Univerisity
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) affects millions of people worldwide and is a group of chronic inflammatory disorders in the gastrointestinal tract, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The exact cause of IBD remains elusive; however, one hypothesis centers on dysregulation of the immune system, which mounts a hyperinflammatory response leading to intestinal barrier dysfunction. Heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) is a molecular chaperone that is crucial in maintaining intestinal tissue homeostasis. In intestinal tissues of IBD patients, the expression of Hsp60 is significantly increased, potentially contributing to the inflammatory processes. We hypothesized that inhibition of Hsp60 will alleviate IBD.
Caco-2 cells were grown on Transwells that were treated with cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ (10 ng/mL each) to mimic IBD conditions. Hsp60 inhibitors mizoribine and SD169 were added with and without the cytokines. A fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 4kDa (FD4) permeability assay was used to test the effect of Hsp60 inhibitors on intestinal permeability and consequent cell–cell junction disruption. Relative to the TNF-α and IFN-γ treatment, SD169 but not mizoribine reduced FD4 permeability by two-fold. These findings suggest that Hsp60 inhibitor SD169 may alleviate IBD. Further experiments will test the cytotoxicity of SD169. We also foresee designing a bioengineered chaperonin-inhibiting probiotic.
Caco-2 cells were grown on Transwells that were treated with cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ (10 ng/mL each) to mimic IBD conditions. Hsp60 inhibitors mizoribine and SD169 were added with and without the cytokines. A fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 4kDa (FD4) permeability assay was used to test the effect of Hsp60 inhibitors on intestinal permeability and consequent cell–cell junction disruption. Relative to the TNF-α and IFN-γ treatment, SD169 but not mizoribine reduced FD4 permeability by two-fold. These findings suggest that Hsp60 inhibitor SD169 may alleviate IBD. Further experiments will test the cytotoxicity of SD169. We also foresee designing a bioengineered chaperonin-inhibiting probiotic.
MIC 8 - Deletion of Internalin B Gene in Listeria monocytogenes
First Author
Olivia Antrobus
Georgetown College
Co-author
Tanner Durst
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Sarah D'Orazio
University of Kentucky
Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive, facultative intracellular pathogen1. This pathogen can be found in processed foods that have been contaminated. It also can cause severe illnesses such as listeriosis and/or neurolisteriosis. It is thought that the immune-compromised are the most susceptible to these types of infections. However, it has been shown that some strains that cause neurolisteriosis infect healthy individuals as well. The exact pathogenesis of neurotrophic strains, such as UKVDL9, from the gut into the brain is still being studied. It is thought that two internalin proteins (inlA & inlB) facilitate the bacteria into cells and inlB promotes invasion into the brain. This study sought to create a deletion mutant in the neurotrophic Listeria monocytogenes strain UKVDL9. Several genetic processes were utilized to create the mutant strain. This deletion mutant would then be utilized in a mouse model to see if inlB affects the way UKVDL9 invades enteric glial cells and/or spread to the brain.
ZB1 - Age, Growth, and Reproductive Cycle of the Highland Shiner (Notropis micropteryx) in the Rockcastle River, Kentucky
First Author
Zoe Baker
Morehead State University
Co-author
Caitlyn Senters
Morehead State University
Co-author
Jared Vise
Morehead State University
Co-author
Shelbie Black
Morehead State University
Co-author
Dr. David Eisenhour
Morehead State University
The Highland Shiner, Notropis micropteryx, is a minnow species common in the Green, Cumberland, and Tennessee rivers. Despite the Highland Shiner's prevalence in this area, little published information exists describing the life history of this minnow species. The goal of our research is to document the life history of the Highland Shiner, including age, growth, and reproductive cycles. We captured specimens, monthly, from early June to October 2022, in the Rockcastle River, Kentucky. Length-frequency analysis of standard length (SL), corroborated with examination of scale annuli of preserved specimens, were used to determine the age of individuals. We found that the Highland Shiner lives only about 2 years. Young of the year first appeared in July collections, the smallest measuring 25 mm SL. Highland Shiners averaged 45 mm SL at 12 months, and 56 mm SL at 24 months. Preliminary comparisons indicated females grow at a faster rate than males. Examination of gonads and gonadosomatic indices (GSI) was utilized to determine the reproductive cycle of the species. Data suggest the breeding season for the Highland Shiner occurs from at least May through June. Large individuals reach sexual maturity by age 1 and all individuals reach maturity by age 2. Reproductive timing, age, and growth can help conservation managers identify seasons of most vulnerability to disturbances (i.e., during spawning), and explain patterns of population fluctuation. Observed life-history patterns are similar to those of its close relative, N. rubellus, the Rosyface Shiner, and other Notropis minnows.
ZB2 - Life History of a Minnow: Growth and Reproduction of the Popeye Shiner (Notropis ariommus) in the Rockcastle River, KY
First Author
Shelbie Black
Morehead State University
Co-author
Jared Vise
Morehead State University
Co-author
Zoe Baker
Morehead State University
Co-author
Caitlyn Senters
Morehead State University
Co-author
David Eisenhour
Morehead State University
The Popeye Shiner (Notropis ariommus) is a jeopardized minnow species with a spotty distribution, mostly in clear, undisturbed streams of the Ohio River basin. The Popeye Shiner has declined or been extirpated in several states and is currently being evaluated as a candidate for federal protection by USFWS. The objectives of this study are to determine the age, growth, and reproductive cycle of the Popeye Shiner in the Rockcastle River, Kentucky. Scale annuli and length frequency analysis were used to age specimens captured in monthly sampling from May-October 2022. Popeye Shiners average 52 mm SL at one year, grow about 10 mm SL in their second year, and live to at least 28 months. Preliminary examination of gonads and calculated gonadosomatic indexes suggest a May to early June spawning period. Despite its large size, the life-history of the Popeye Shiner is similar to other, smaller Notropis minnows, maturing at Age 1 or 2, and rarely, if ever, surviving to three years.
ZB3 - Determining insect community dissimilarity among Chinese chestnut and hybrid Chinese and American chestnuts
First Author
Kaley Boyd
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Evie Cecil
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Jennifer Koslow
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Valerie Peters
Eastern Kentucky University
American chestnuts (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) were common in the Appalachian landscape prior to their loss due to an invasive fungal pathogen native to Asia. The American Chestnut Foundation's (TACF) mission is 'to return the iconic American chestnut to its native range.' To achieve this, TACF bred American chestnuts with Chinese chestnuts (C. mollissima Blume ) to generate trees with the character of Americans and the blight resistance of Chinese. TACF planted an orchard containing Chinese and 15/16 American ('hybrid') at Eastern Kentucky University (EKU). Studies have recorded insects regularly visiting the catkins of chestnut trees to consume pollen and nectar. Catkins on Chinese and hybrid trees look and smell similar to humans, thus we expected the insect communities visiting these different genotypes to be similar. In June 2023, we collected insects visiting catkins on 10 Chinese and 8 hybrid trees at the EKU orchard. The majority of the specimens collected were soldier beetles, Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus, and various species of bees, primarily Lasioglossum anomalum. A total of 28 species visited Chinese trees, 31 species visited hybrid trees, and 46 species visited both genotypes. We quantified community similarity among these insect communities using the Bray Curtis dissimilarity measure. Species replacement (0.394) contributed more to community dissimilarity than species nestedness (0.150), with the floral visitor community on hybrid chestnuts having more diversity than those visiting Chinese chestnuts. These preliminary data suggest that restoring the American chestnut to Appalachian forests may provide floral resources for a wider diversity of insects.
ZB4 - Evaluation of artificial diets for monarch caterpillar development
First Author
Mason Chandler
Berea College
Co-author
Joshua Villazana
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Co-author
Ana Vélez
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), has a unique role to play in our understanding of the non-target ecological impacts of pesticides and as a flagship species for insect conservation efforts. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends species-specific artificial diets for risk assessment bioassays. However, D. plexippus lacks a reliable artificial diet. As such, the purpose of this study was to develop a monarch larva artificial diet appropriate for such bioassays and laboratory rearing. We utilized 30% and 60% (w/w) freeze-dried Asclepias curassavica leaf powder incorporated into a general Lepidoptera diet, and tested their effects on larval weight, development, and mortality rates. These diets were compared to a previously tested control of 15% (w/w) diet. Though all diets had similar survival rates, larvae on the 60% diet had a development time of 16.2 days to pupation, versus 17.6 days on the 30% diet and 18.2 days on the control. Furthermore, the 60% diet displayed markedly similar development and mortality rates when compared to whole A. curassavica leaf diet utilized in previous research. Our research has identified an artificial diet suitable for monarch research in toxicology and other fields, which can streamline future research on the species.
ZB5 - Floristic species richness survey along hiking trails of Kentucky River Palisades
First Author
Noah Clark
Asbury University
Co-author
Marvin Ruffner
Asbury University, Shaw Science and Health Department
Kentucky hosts approximately 2,172 native species of plants, with 570 non-native species. Asbury University in Wilmore, KY, lies within the Bluegrass Physiographic region along the KY Palisades in the central portion of the state. This region contains fertile soil, optimal for diverse and threatened species from several plant families. Little is known, however, about the floristic composition of the forests surrounding Asbury University, since previous records require augmented data. The objective of this study was to conduct trailside floristic survey of the Asbury Trails' vascular flora via quadrant sampling to determine the species richness. Surveys were conducted over a course of four months. Many observed taxa included woody plant saplings as well as herbaceous perennials. Native taxa tended to be isolated or localized in groves, contrasted with invasive species growing abundantly in nearly every quadrant. One hundred and thirty-two (132) total species were surveyed over an area of 200 square meters, including 123 native and 9 non-native species. Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder was the most commonly observed invasive species, with 133 recorded locations over 200 surveyed quadrants. Seventy (70) total plant families were observed, the most frequently recorded being Asteraceae. Species richness was found to be 0.66 m^2 overall.
ZB6 - Understanding temporal changes in leaf traits of Lonicera japonica using long-term herbarium records
First Author
Claudia Ebbecke
Murray State University
Co-author
Kate He
Murray State University
Herbarium specimens are the most valuable, verifiable, and sustainable records to study the impacts of climate change on the biota. Temporal herbarium data can provide critical information on how species respond to changes in habitat conditions by tracking changes in species' morphological and phenological traits. In this study we aim to use fifty herbarium records of Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), an invasive plant, to assess long-term impacts of climate changes on its leaf traits. We measured leaf size and stomatal density using herbarium records of honeysuckle species collected from 1947 to 2017. We separated these measurements into decadal periods in order to discover changes over time. We found that leaf size displayed a clear increasing trend even though the difference in leaf size among five decadal periods was not significant (ANOVA, p=0.28). Leaf stomatal density fluctuated in an overall decreasing manner and we found a significant difference in stomatal density among specimens collected from 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s (ANOVA, p=0.0075). Our results further indicate that rising temperature and elevated CO2 level can enhance plant growth reflected in leaf size and reduce leaf stomatal density, which directly related to water use efficiency. In particular, our results suggest that reduced stomatal density at high temperature and elevated CO2 during the most recent decadal period is the direct response of the honeysuckle species to lower levels of atmospheric humidity and soil moisture. Our study provides useful information on the understanding of changes in physiological traits under the warming climate.
ZB7 - Characteristics of Kentucky sandstone rock shelters and their effects on the makeup of vascular plant communities
First Author
Julia Fitzpatrick
Morehead State University
Co-author
Sally Chambers
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Kelly Watson
Eastern Kentucky University
Sandstone rock shelters have immense ecological and historical values resulting from the microclimate generated within them. They buffer biological communities from seasonal and daily fluctuations in temperatures and conditions relative to exposed environments. Because of this, botanical communities residing in rock shelters are often unique, as the microclimatic conditions can host taxonomic affinities found in more tropical (climatically stable) areas and provide stable environments for rare taxa. This study examines how the diversity of vascular plant communities varies in response to location and structural variables (volume, elevation, disturbance, region) of 14 Kentucky sandstone rock shelters in four regions of the state. Multiple analyses were conducted. An ANOVA showed very little significance regarding the individual and interactive effects of volume, elevation, and disturbance on the number of species found in each shelter [p(volume) ~ 0.04, p(volume*elevation) ~ 0.01, other variables p > 0.05]. Further, tests of beta diversity comparing regional community structure were deemed insignificant through an ANOVA (p ~ 0.517), as were pairwise comparisons conducted by a Tukey test. Additional research into microclimatic variables such as solar radiation, and long-term humidity and temperature may offer insight into these biological diversity patterns. These data may be used in vital conservation work to preserve unique microclimates that provide refuge for a number of rare flora and fauna. As climate change persists, opportunities also arise to study the long-term migration of climate-sensitive species and the importance of microclimate refuges in these movements.
ZB8 - Microclimate impacts on Vandenboschia boschiana gametophyte and sporophyte distributions and demographics
First Author
Ricelle Gibson
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Kelly Watson
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Sally Chambers
Eastern Kentucky University
Vandenboschia boschiana is a fern species characterized by fronds that are 1 cell-layer thick and long-living gametophytes capable of persisting as independent populations. The geographic range of V. boschiana spans the Appalachian Mountains where populations may be found in climate-buffering rock shelters. These rock shelters create microclimatic pockets where spatial differences in gametophyte-only and sporophyte-producing populations may be observed, potentially due to differences in the physiological tolerances of these two life stages. The focus of this study was to understand how microclimate gradients affect V. boschiana sporophyte and gametophyte fine-scale distributions and demographics. Six populations were surveyed to determine the population size of gametophyte and sporophyte specific crevices. Additionally, sporophyte frond length and reproductive status was quantified by randomly selecting 15 fronds along a horizontal transect bisecting the populations. An ANOVA was conducted to determine if gametophyte and sporophyte population sizes are different among the six rock shelters and to quantify sporophyte frond length and their fertility. T - tests were conducted to investigate if relative humidity and temperature differed between sporophytes and gametophytes within Carter Caves and Cumberland Falls rock shelters. ANOVA results indicate that gametophyte population sizes do not differ among the six populations (P=.328). Likewise, sporophyte population sizes are not statistically different (P=0.577), nor are frond length and fern fertility among the six rock shelters(P=.664). Gametophyte and sporophyte microclimates do differ significantly in with respect to temperature and humidity (P<0.05).
ZB9 - Effect of Electric Stimulation on Seed Germination and Hypocotyl Growth
First Author
Ainjini Patra
Paul Laurence Dunbar High School
Plants are sessile organisms that are permanently restricted to their site of germination. Throughout their life, plants experience various stresses, which include biotic and abiotic. Plants use unique mechanisms to rapidly react and adapt to changing environmental conditions. It is well-established that both plants and animals utilize long-range electrical signaling to transduce environmental information to the whole body. Endogenous electrical signaling regulates biological processes, including growth and development by modifying cellular metabolism via interaction with chemical, and hormone signals in plants. Successful and timely seed germination determines continuous plant production necessary for our survival. Seed germination is a very complex process that depends on environmental factors, hormone signaling, and other molecular and biochemical changes inside. In this project, I want to test how external electric signal affects seed germination and hypocotyl growth. I did this by using DC grass stimulators on 3 sets of pea seeds for different durations. I compared the stimulated seeds to a control set of seeds and repeated this experiment 2 more times. The conclusion was drawn that external electric stimulation accelerates the germination process, as evident from the results obtained from three individual trials. Shorter electric impulse turned out to be more efficient than longer impulse.
ZB10 - Who does more diaper duty? Comparison of fecal sac removal rates of male and female tree swallows.
First Author
Ashley Denney
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Lindsey Walters
Northern Kentucky University
Who does more diaper duty? Comparison of fecal sac removal rates of male and female tree swallows
Ashley Denney and Lindsey Walters
Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099
Most studies of parental care behavior in passerine birds focus on parental provisioning of nestlings with food. The removal of fecal sacs, a mucus covered waste product of nestlings, is a subject that is relatively under-investigated. However, waste removal is an energetically costly behavior for parents that merits further study to fully understand avian breeding biology. For tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), both parents take turns removing fecal sacs, disposing them far from the nest to keep predators away and increase the sanitation of the nest. We wanted to determine if male and female tree swallows differed in their rates of fecal sac removal. We predicted that males would remove more fecal sacs than females because females spend time brooding the nestlings and are unable to leave for long periods. To test this, we recorded the number of times each parent removed a fecal sac during one hour, conducting 220 observations of 48 different nests. Contrary to our prediction, we found that there was no significant difference between the overall removal rate for males and females. However, there was a significant interaction between sex and nestling age on fecal sac removal rate, with males removing more fecal sacs when nestlings were young (1-7 days) and females removing more after day 8. These results provide new insight into the behavior of tree swallows. By the parents switching roles as nestlings age, they are contributing approximately equally to their nestlings' fitness. How they negotiate the switch is unknown and deserves further study.
Ashley Denney and Lindsey Walters
Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099
Most studies of parental care behavior in passerine birds focus on parental provisioning of nestlings with food. The removal of fecal sacs, a mucus covered waste product of nestlings, is a subject that is relatively under-investigated. However, waste removal is an energetically costly behavior for parents that merits further study to fully understand avian breeding biology. For tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), both parents take turns removing fecal sacs, disposing them far from the nest to keep predators away and increase the sanitation of the nest. We wanted to determine if male and female tree swallows differed in their rates of fecal sac removal. We predicted that males would remove more fecal sacs than females because females spend time brooding the nestlings and are unable to leave for long periods. To test this, we recorded the number of times each parent removed a fecal sac during one hour, conducting 220 observations of 48 different nests. Contrary to our prediction, we found that there was no significant difference between the overall removal rate for males and females. However, there was a significant interaction between sex and nestling age on fecal sac removal rate, with males removing more fecal sacs when nestlings were young (1-7 days) and females removing more after day 8. These results provide new insight into the behavior of tree swallows. By the parents switching roles as nestlings age, they are contributing approximately equally to their nestlings' fitness. How they negotiate the switch is unknown and deserves further study.
ZB11 - Northern Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) seed germination
First Author
Andrew Nelson
Asbury University
Co-author
Marvin Ruffner
Asbury University
Northern spicebush (Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume) is a native understory shrub commonly found growing in mesophytic forests of central and eastern U.S. L. benzoin is a dioecious shrub which provides a number of benefits for wildlife as well as commercial value of essential oils and teas. It occupies the same niche as invasive honeysuckle (Loniciera maackii) making it a potential candidate for restoration plantings to restore the forest understory. Current knowledge indicates L. benzoin can be propagated by cuttings, but the seed requires an extended period of dormancy (i.e., up to 12 weeks of cold, moist stratification) to elicit germination. Recent research has shown removing the fruit pulp of L. benzoin seed resulted in higher percentage germination compared to seed not pulped. Knowledge of a L. benzoin seed germination protocol enabling one to propagate L. benzoin seed in large numbers is not widely available. The goal of this study was to determine specific conditions to break seed dormancy in L. benzoin. In fall 2023, L. benzoin seeds were collected from wild populations in central KY. The following experimental treatments were performed with scarified and non-scarified seed with eight replications of 25 seeds each: a) fruit pulp removed + 12 weeks cold, most stratification (CMS) outside; and b) fruit pulp removed + 12 weeks refrigerated CMS. The results will build on current scientific knowledge of L. benzoin seed dormancy and contribute best practices for breaking seed dormancy of L. benzoin to be propagated more readily for its commercial and ecological value.
ZB12 - Exploring the morphological and photosynthetic traits of the leaves of American and Chinese Chestnuts at the EKU Orchard
First Author
Sasha Carrasco
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Jennifer Koslow
Eastern Kentucky University
American chestnuts (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) were common in the Appalachian landscape prior to their loss from the chestnut blight. Restoration efforts include breeding American and Chinese chestnuts (C. mollissima Blume), generating trees selected for the character of Americans and the blight resistance of Chinese. Differences in leaf and photosynthetic properties amongst the species were not selected for, implying hybrids bred for restoration may vary in these properties. Studies show that Americans tolerate lower levels of PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) than Chinese and seedlings of American chestnuts exhibit faster growth rates in high PAR environments. During the summers of 2022 and 2023, we recorded photosynthetic gas exchange data for adult Chinese and American trees during drought using an infrared gas-exchange analyzer (Li-Cor 6800). Maximum photosynthetic rates (Asat) for both American and Chinese adults were lower than that in published literature for seedlings. American trees exhibited higher Asat than Chinese trees on average (t8 = 2.79, p = 0.024). In 2023 data was collected on leaf mass per area using a leaf area meter (Li-300C). Further analyses of leaf mass per area, stomatal conductance, and intrinsic water use efficiency will help us understand if results are best explained by adult chestnuts exhibiting lower Asat than seedlings or if drought caused stomatal closure, decreasing Asat. This study utilized mature Chinese and American trees, thus was limited by a lack of replication. The traits of stomatal density and leaf mass per area for Chinese chestnuts have not been previously reported in the literature.
10:45 - The Kentucky Bluegrass origins of horse farming, bourbon, and radon!
First Author
Frank Ettensohn
University of Kentucky
Central Kentucky is well-known for its award-winning racehorses and flavorful bourbons, but what is not so well-known is that central Kentucky hosts a major radon hazard. Moreover, it is also largely unknown that all three central Kentucky distinctions are related to the mineral phosphorite in the Upper Ordovician Lexington Limestone. The presence of phosphorite in the Lexington Limestone is related to the reactivation of basement faults in the area during a mountain-building event to the east about 450 million years ago. Resulting structural lows permitted the funneling of deep, phosphate-rich, oceanic waters into the area via upwelling. As phosphate is important for metabolism in all organisms, it was readily absorbed by marine organisms on the Late Ordovician Lexington Platform, and as organisms died, their remains dispersed phosphate back into limestone sediments as cryptocrystalline forms of phosphorite, Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH). These limestones weathered to generate the phosphate-rich Bluegrass soils and vegetation that are important in forming a solid skeletal framework (bones are made of phosphate) and enhanced metabolism in horses that graze on the vegetation. The same phosphate and limestone minerals are necessary for the yeasts that ferment the corn mash to make bourbon. Moreover, the substitution of uranium for calcium in phosphorite in sea water is the source of radon via radioactive decay, which now proves to be a hazard. Hence, those cultural distinctions that characterize the central Kentucky Bluegrass today, both positive and negative, are the result of unique geologic connections developed across a limestone platform nearly 450 million years ago.
11:00 - Geoscience and environmental justice in Appalachia: a model for innovative teaching
First Author
Edward Lo
University of Kentucky
The concept of environmental justice is often taught separately from standard upper-level geoscience courses, which diminishes the opportunity to educate more socially cognizant earth scientists. Here, we designed an upper-level undergraduate course in Spring 2022 that enrolled six geology majors and six non-geology majors. The course was cross-listed between the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and the Appalachian Studies program at the University of Kentucky. The first half of the course was focused on defining environmental justice and intersectionality frameworks and presenting geologic hazards. The second half of the course focused on health and quality of life outcomes. Students were asked to create 3-minute documentaries on any environmental justice topic that could be filmed locally and present on any sub-topic of the Tug Fork River watershed. Finally, two guest lectures from the geology faculty and a series of special visiting speakers helped to enrich the curriculum. The teacher course evaluations showed that students were appreciative of the range of topics covered, and many took the course as an elective or due to their interest in the course. The course has the potential to be taught as a larger introductory course that could help attract more students of color to this interdisciplinary area. This holds important implications for decolonizing a scientific discipline often associated with extraction.
11:15 - Hydrochemistry of a pristine vadose zone karst flow system, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky.
First Author
Meghan Raines
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Chris Groves
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Lee Anne Bledsoe
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Rick Toomey
National Park Service
High-resolution monitoring of groundwater flow and modeling of carbonate system geochemistry characterized and quantify water/rock interactions in the vadose zone of a well-developed, essentially pristine carbonate rock karst flow system. Results quantify dynamics of karst landscape evolution and help better quantify the impact of carbonate rock/atmosphere interactions on atmospheric CO2, and in turn, global climate change. Cascade River, within Great Onyx Cave in Mammoth Cave National Park, lies within the Great Onyx groundwater basin, a relatively pristine forested groundwater system unaffected by anthropogenic contaminants. High-resolution measurements of water temperature, pH, and specific conductance (SpC) were collected at 10-minute intervals for thirteen months. Laboratory analysis of weekly water samples for calcite and bicarbonate were used with regression analysis to relate these concentrations to high-resolution SpC. A custom-written Excel program used these data to quantify the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2), the calcite saturation index, and the limestone dissolution rate with 10-minute resolution. The CO2 pressure of the waters of Cascade River ranged from one to 24 times the average atmospheric background of 417 parts per million over the study period with a mean value of 7.91. The saturation indices indicate that waters were undersaturated with respect to calcite 97% of the time. There is no indication of limestone precipitation at the times when the waters are not undersaturated. These data indicate that the waters of Cascade River are almost continually dissolving the limestone bedrock, removing CO2 from the atmosphere through the process of carbonate mineral dissolution.
11:30 - Sources of contamination in the Otter Creek Watershed, Madison County, Kentucky
First Author
Matthew Richie
Eastern Kentucky University
Co-author
Walter Borowski
Eastern Kentucky University
The Otter Creek watershed receives a variety of point- and non-point-source contaminants that threaten its water quality. The watershed drains the town of Richmond, Kentucky in its northern stretches but primarily is situated in rural areas. To assess water quality and to identify sources of contaminants, we collected water samples at 42 sites chosen to represent a variety of land uses and potential sources of pollution.
Water samples were taken on four days throughout the summer of 2023. We measured nutrient concentration (nitrogen as nitrate and ammonium, and phosphorus as phosphate) using established colorimetric methods, and generated fecal microbe counts (Escherichia coli) using IDEXX materials and procedures.
The highest nitrate and phosphate concentrations were found within the discharge of the sewage treatment plant and decreased progressively at downstream stations. Highest ammonium concentrations and highest E. coli counts were found at sites with active cattle pasture and at rural residential areas served by septic systems.
These data verify that both point- and non-point-source contamination occurs in the Otter Creek watershed. Compared to national data, nutrient concentrations only occasionally spike higher than median national values, mostly due to contributions from the sewage treatment plant. Fecal microbe counts commonly exceed EPA standards throughout the watershed. Sampling during five field seasons (2013-2015; 2022 and 2023) consistently shows the same sources and levels of nutrient and fecal microbe contamination. Addressing these identified contamination sources can lead to improved water quality of the Otter Creek watershed.
Water samples were taken on four days throughout the summer of 2023. We measured nutrient concentration (nitrogen as nitrate and ammonium, and phosphorus as phosphate) using established colorimetric methods, and generated fecal microbe counts (Escherichia coli) using IDEXX materials and procedures.
The highest nitrate and phosphate concentrations were found within the discharge of the sewage treatment plant and decreased progressively at downstream stations. Highest ammonium concentrations and highest E. coli counts were found at sites with active cattle pasture and at rural residential areas served by septic systems.
These data verify that both point- and non-point-source contamination occurs in the Otter Creek watershed. Compared to national data, nutrient concentrations only occasionally spike higher than median national values, mostly due to contributions from the sewage treatment plant. Fecal microbe counts commonly exceed EPA standards throughout the watershed. Sampling during five field seasons (2013-2015; 2022 and 2023) consistently shows the same sources and levels of nutrient and fecal microbe contamination. Addressing these identified contamination sources can lead to improved water quality of the Otter Creek watershed.
Saturday, November 4, 2023 1:30pm - 4:30pm
Field Trip to NKU and Thomas More Field Stations
Departs from Circle outside the Student Union
By RSVP. The field trip will leave from NKU at 1:30 pm and return around 4:30. Parking is very limited at both field stations so van transportation is provided
The Thomas More University Ohio River Biology Field Station is a 25-acre teaching and research 
facility, situated along the banks of the Ohio River in Campbell County, Kentucky and just upstream from Cincinnati, Ohio. The TMU Field Station includes classrooms, mussel and aquaculture research and teaching labs, a conference center & lodge, four houses, an interpretive nature trail and a fleet of research boats. The trip will provide a tour of the labs and an overview of our research and outreach programs.
The NKU Research & Education Field Station (REFS) is also situated on the Ohio River, and has offered
educational, research, and community outreach programs since its opening in 2017. The REFS is incorporated into University curriculum for 14 courses and a Wetland Management Professional Micro-credential. Researchers from seven different institutions conduct research at the REFS, and the field station hosts a variety of public events throughout the year.
Teachers seeking PD hours will receive a certificate of completion.
1:30 - Creating telomere-free circular chromosomes in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
First Author
Duncan McGinnis
Centre College
Co-author
Melissa Mefford
Morehead State University
Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the termini of eukaryotic chromosomes that protect against damage and limit successive cell division. Telomeres are related to many of our greatest medical challenges; most cancers upregulate the enzyme telomerase to maintain telomeres, and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's are linked with shortened telomeres. To investigate the evolution and function of telomeres, our lab devised a genetic-engineering strategy to delete telomeres and join the ends together to circularize a chromosome in the single-celled eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Briefly, DNA cassettes were created by PCR for each the left and right arms of a chromosome and integrated into their respective arms distal of any function genes. A shared region of homology within the cassettes allowed for recombination, shearing off the telomeres and circularizing the chromosome into a stable ring structure. Thus far, chromosomes II, IV, VIII and XV have been confirmed circularized in separate strains via PCR, with phenotypic characterization of these strains ongoing. Interestingly, several other chromosomes are within the process but are proving difficult to circularize, including chromosomes I, III, and VII. I have been troubleshooting the difficult integrations in these strains, including developing improved PCR primers to test for integration, a robust colony PCR protocol, and CRISPR guide RNAs that efficiently target cassettes to improve circularization. The long-term goal of this project is to create a strain of S. cerevisiae with all its chromosomes circularized, allowing study of the fitness and viability of a eukaryote without telomeres, particularly relating to sexual reproductive efficiency.
1:45 - Stability of circularized chromosomes lacking telomeres in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
First Author
Brittany Mae Hamilton
Rowan County Senior High School
Co-author
Melissa Mefford
Morehead State University
Chromosomes carry genetic information. Prokaryotic chromosomes are circular, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes are linear. Telomeres, repetitive DNA sequences at chromosome termini, serve as caps to avoid losing important genes during cell division; with each division, telomeres shorten. This imposes a limit on the number of divisions a cell can undergo. To understand why eukaryotes evolved to have linear chromosomes despite their seeming disadvantages, we have genetically engineered the chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to create circularized versions, allowing comparison of the two forms. By inserting unique DNA cassettes into subtelomeric regions of each chromosome arm, we allow recombination between them and thus circularization of the chromosome. Our lab has circularized four of the sixteen yeast chromosomes (Ch. II, IV, VIII, and XV). Some of the chromosomes have been difficult to achieve integration and circularization; I have tested Ch. I, III, and VI and have yet to circularize them. Using our circularized strains, I have begun investigating generational stability of the circularized chromosomes by serial restreaking and monitoring for loss of circularized chromosomes. Understanding the effects of circular chromosomes in eukaryotes and thus why linear chromosomes evolved opens opportunities for investigation of two large human health concerns: aging and cancer.
2:00 - Analysis of the PPARg Coregulator Interactome in Adipose of Lean and Obese Mice Indicates Select Signaling Mechanisms
First Author
Evelyn Bates
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Zachary Kipp
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Sally Pauss
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Wang-Hsin Lee
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Genesee Martinez
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Mei Xu
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Terry Hinds
University of Kentucky
Rosiglitazone (Rosi) treats type 2 diabetes and effectively improves insulin resistance. However, it has been 'blacklisted' due to instances of congestive heart failure (CHF), but the mechanisms of why this occurs are not known. Rosi targets PPARgamma, a nuclear receptor that is highly expressed in adipose tissue and, to a lesser extent, in cardiac tissue. One mechanism of PPARgamma regulation is through coregulators that can alter its transcriptional activity to drive it toward specific pathways. We hypothesized coregulator interaction with PPARgamma may be regulating its activity differently in obese conditions, inducing CHF through adipose-derived peripheral signaling. To assess this, we fed C57BL/6 mice a normal chow (NCD) or high-fat (HFD) diet for 16 weeks. For four weeks, we injected mice with Rosi every 48 hours. In both NCD and HFD Rosi mice, we found significantly increased heart weights. To understand the roles of the PPARgamma interactome during obesity, we used our state-of-the-art PamGene PamStation Nuclear Hormone Receptor chip to measure the interaction of PPARgamma with 155 coregulators in five adipose depots. In adipose depots increasing in weight due to Rosi treatment, more coregulators are associated with the PPARgamma complex. Interestingly, depots that did not change in weight with Rosi treatment showed a reduction of coregulators leaving the PPARgamma complex, indicating differential PPARgamma regulation. Our novel data suggests that the coregulator interactome of adipose depots represent potential therapeutic targets to ascertain the mechanism by which rosiglitazone causes CHF in a subset of patients, and how treatment responses are influenced by obesity.
2:15 - Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of Lomatium dissectum root extract
First Author
Savita Chaurasia
Bellarmine University
Co-author
Chase Yost
Bellarmine University
Diabetes, a prevalent metabolic disorder, poses significant health risks and incurs a substantial financial burden, prompting the search for cost-effective remedies from nature. In response, our study evaluates Lomatium dissectum, a plant traditionally used by Native Americans for various medicinal purposes, including treating respiratory illnesses, bacterial and viral infections. This study reports the effect of Lomatium dissectum root extract (LDE) in reducing oxidative stress, a major contributor to diabetes, and enzymes involved in diabetes.
We qualitatively characterized diverse bioactive compounds within LDE, including phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids. Additionally, we quantified the total phenolic and flavonoid content, yielding values of 54.18 ± 4.36 µg GAE/mg and 0.626 ± 0.09 µg QE/mg extract, respectively. LDE exhibited strong reducing potential and efficiently scavenged DPPH, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values ranging from 20 µg/mL to 310 µg/mL.
Furthermore, we evaluated the extract for its inhibitory effects on key diabetes-related enzymes, revealing significant inhibition of PTP1B and α-amylase with IC50 values of 23.94 µg/mL and 109.3 µg/mL, respectively. However, LDE showed a modest effect on glucosidase. These findings highlight Lomatium dissectum's potential as a natural anti-diabetic and hypoglycemic agent and its role in experimental research and affordable drug development, promising opportunities for diabetes care and addressing oxidative stress-related complications.
We qualitatively characterized diverse bioactive compounds within LDE, including phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids. Additionally, we quantified the total phenolic and flavonoid content, yielding values of 54.18 ± 4.36 µg GAE/mg and 0.626 ± 0.09 µg QE/mg extract, respectively. LDE exhibited strong reducing potential and efficiently scavenged DPPH, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values ranging from 20 µg/mL to 310 µg/mL.
Furthermore, we evaluated the extract for its inhibitory effects on key diabetes-related enzymes, revealing significant inhibition of PTP1B and α-amylase with IC50 values of 23.94 µg/mL and 109.3 µg/mL, respectively. However, LDE showed a modest effect on glucosidase. These findings highlight Lomatium dissectum's potential as a natural anti-diabetic and hypoglycemic agent and its role in experimental research and affordable drug development, promising opportunities for diabetes care and addressing oxidative stress-related complications.
2:30 - Glucocorticoid resistance driven by GRβ induces adiposity and hepatic lipid accumulation.
First Author
Genesee Martinez
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Zachary Kipp
University of Kentucky
Co-author
David Stec
University of Mississippi Medical Center
Co-author
Terry Hinds
University of Kentucky
Obesity has led to an increase of multiple metabolic complications. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates genes that control metabolism and has two isoforms (GRα and GRβ). GRα binds to glucocorticoids, while GRβ has no known ligand. It is thought that GRβ induces glucocorticoid resistance. We hypothesized that changes in adiposity are related to an imbalance of the GR isoforms effecting lipid metabolism. Mice with GRβ overexpression (GRβ Ad-OE) had significantly higher lipid accumulation, fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression and remodeling of liver fat content as measured by mass spec. We developed GRβ CRISPR knockout (KO) technology to target it in mice. The GRβ homozygous KO mice seemed to be lethal but, the heterozygous KO (GRβ+/-) mice are viable with no observable phenotypes on normal chow. We placed the GRβ+/- and WT (GR+/+) mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. Our results indicate that the GRβ+/- mice on HFD had significantly reduced body weights and adiposity compared to the GR+/+. Our data show significantly reduced peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) but not in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) or liver tissues. Molecular analysis of GRβ-PPARγ signaling indicated that GRβ positively affects PPARγ transcriptional activity. Liver histology of GRβ+/- mice showed a decrease in lipid accumulation. We conclude that GRβ drives PPARγ expression and activity in adipose to induce adiposity in iWAT. A better understanding of the GR isoforms and glucocorticoid resistance could benefit people with obesity and improve obesity associated comorbidities.
2:45 - Non-traditional treatments as radiosensitizers for DIPG tumors using zebrafish models
First Author
Karol Forish
Georgetown College
This experiment was performed to evaluate the use of non-traditional drugs as radiosensitizers for radiation-resistant diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) tumor cells. Drug toxicity and radiosenitization effectiveness were assessed in vivo on zebrafish embryos injected with SCC-127 cells (patient-derived DIPG cells). Drugs were compared against concentrations (1 µM – 10 µM) and across X-ray radiation levels (0Gy, 8Gy, and 25Gy). Effect on zebrafish morphology was analyzed on a toxicity scale (higher levels indicate larger physiological effects on zebrafish morphology). Tumor size was analyzed using fluorescent images and image analysis software to determine the effect of drug and radiation on tumor size. Certain drugs showed an increase in average toxicity rate under the same concentration from 0Gy to 25Gy, which suggests increasing effectiveness as a radiosensitizer. In particular, Estradiol Benzoate (EB), Diacerein (D), and Eprenetopopt (EP) showed a decrease in tumor size with increasing radiation levels, which suggests the effectiveness of these drugs to decrease radio-resistance in DIPG tumors.
3:15 - The Inflammatory Effect of Glucocorticoids on Sleep
First Author
Dain Im
The Gatton Academy
Co-author
Noah Ashley
Western Kentucky University
Elevated cortisol concentrations, as seen in individuals facing chronic stress, are associated with insomnia or obstructive sleep apnea. Like cortisol, glucocorticoids are a class of primary stress hormones that play an essential role in the sleep-wake cycle. Released in the adrenal glands, they are regulated by the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and modulate brain immune response through alternations in microglial activity. We hypothesized that chronic adjustments to neuroinflammatory functions may significantly affect sleep quality and duration. Our study examines alternations of the HPA axis in which glucocorticoid release is chronically manipulated. To assess the relationship between glucocorticoid levels, sleep, and microglial activity, we conducted adrenalectomy (ADX) surgery on C57/BL6j mice. With this, three groups were created: control, ADX, and ADX with exogenous glucocorticoid administration. The percentage of sleep and glucocorticoid levels was recorded throughout the study period. The results indicate that glucocorticoid levels and percentage of sleep demonstrate a correlation in the three categories. This suggests that higher glucocorticoid concentrations influence deeper sleep percentages.
3:30 - Exploring the influence of polarity proteins on the Elm1 protein kinase- mediated cell shape control
First Author
Nikhil Kumar
Gatton Academy of Mathematics and Science
Co-author
Joseph Marquardt
Western Kentucky University
Elm1, a protein kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, regulates fundamental cellular processes including the cell cycle, cell polarity, and cell growth. It also inhibits pseudo-hyphal growth, characterized by an irregular elongated shape. The downstream factors controlling Elm1's influence on cell shape remain largely unknown. This study investigates the phenotypic results of the deletion of three potential Elm1 downstream proteins: Bem1, Boi1, and Boi2. Additionally, previous studies suggest Boi1 and Boi2 are functionally redundant. By examining their differences, we can shed light on evolutionary relationships, differences in protein function, ultimately implicating disease via protein dysfunction, and the differences in the shared pathways. Studying these specific proteins is significant as they have human homologs, enabling the translation of our findings to human systems. Through classical yeast genetics, proteins were deleted and tagged with an Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP). Furthermore, double-deletion strains of the three proteins with Elm1 were made. These were then imaged and analyzed, enhancing our understanding of the intricate relationship between Elm1 and its downstream regulators. By examining the phenotypic outcomes of Bem1, Boi1, and Boi2 deletions, we shed light on their distinct roles and potential for human disease control using a microbiological model.
3:45 - A role for S-AdenosylMethionine (AdoMet) in dNTP pool levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
First Author
Waruyna Panmanee
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Erin Strome
Northern Kentucky University
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a single-cell eukaryotic model organism used in many studies of the cell cycle and chromosome dynamics. In our lab we use this model to ask questions about gene mutations that lead to genome instability. S-AdenosylMethionine (AdoMet) is synthesized by AdoMet synthetase enzymes encoded by the SAM1 and SAM2 genes. Deletion of either of these genes alters the level of AdoMet in the cells and impacts genome instability, but in opposite ways. AdoMet is produced from Methionine (Met) and ATP as part of the methyl cycle, and serves as the main methyl donor in all cells. The synthesis of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs: dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP) in cells is connected to the folate cycle, and is also linked to the methyl cycle. We therefore sought to understand how our observed changes to AdoMet levels might relate to dNTP levels in our SAM gene mutants. Results of dNTP pool measurements show a higher overall level in sam2∆/sam2∆ cells but not in sam1∆/sam1∆ cells when compared to wildtype. However, an imbalance of dNTPs was seen in both mutant strains. Further investigation is needed to determine if the imbalances or change in overall dNTP levels is causative of the observed genome instability changes, and by what mechanism.
4:00 - Effect of the Mutations on the Structural Dynamics of Potassium Channel Modulating Protein KCNE3
First Author
Indra Sahu
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Draven Reynolds
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Anna Clara Miranda Moura
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Conner Campbell
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Isaac K. Asare
Campbellsville University
Co-author
Steve Alston
Campbellsville University
KCNE3 is an integral membere protein that belongs to the KCNE family that regulates the function of several voltage gated potassium channels. KCNE3 contains 103 amino acids having a single transmembrane helix and an extracellular surface associated helix in N-terminus, and a short juxtamembrane helix followed by a disordered region in C-terminus. A recent functional study suggested that the KCNE3 mutations F68A, V72A and I76A impair the interaction between KCNQ1 and KCNE3 leading to an abnormal function of channel gating may be due in part to structural and/or dynamic changes in KCNE3. In this project, we apply electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic approaches in combination with site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the effect of interaction impairing mutations on structural dynamics of KCNE3 in lipid bilayered vesicles. Undergraduate students at Campbellsville University are involved in preparing EPR active KCNE3 samples with and without interaction impairing mutations and incorporated into detergent micelles and lipid bilayered vesicles. We are developing structural biology approaches using EPR approaches and all atom molecular dynamics simulation to determine changes in the structural dynamics of different segments of KCNE3 due to the effect of interaction impairing mutations.
4:15 - Exosomal Delivery of Cumin Seed Extracts for Enhanced Antiproliferative Effects on Breast Cancers
First Author
Jared Scott
University of Louisville
Co-author
David Schultz
University of Louisville
Co-author
Ramesh Gupta
University of Louisville
Breast Cancer, the most diagnosed cancer worldwide, is a public health concern and a leading cause of death for women in the United States. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is a common culinary spice used worldwide. Cumin has been used in traditional medicine and scientific studies have revealed antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypoglycemic, chemopreventive, and anticancer bioactivities. Ethanolic cumin seed extracts were assayed for antiproliferative effects against three breast cancer cell lines (T47D, BT474, and MDA-MD-231), models for luminal A, HER2 enriched, and basal cancer subtypes, respectively. Bioactivity of cumin ethanolic extracts was assessed and compared to extracts that were acid hydrolyzed to remove glycosides that moderate bioactivity. Further, extract delivery was compared utilizing nanoparticle drug delivery with bovine colostrum exosomes. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that shuttle proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and small molecules between cells. Exosomes naturally deliver their contents directly into the cytosol of recipient cells and importantly, can be artificially loaded with drugs or other small molecules which can lower the dose required to achieve an effective response. Cumin extracts inhibited proliferation in all three cell lines, with BT474 inhibited by the lowest IC50. Acid hydrolysates of the cumin extract increased the antiproliferative effects, on average decreasing the IC50s by over 50%, and significantly improving exosome loading. Non-hydrolyzed and hydrolyzed extracts had similar IC50s when loaded into exosomes, but the acid-hydrolyzed extracts required five-fold lower quantities of loaded exosomes to achieve the same dose as the non-hydrolyzed extracts. Exosomal delivery increased the effectiveness of the original cumin extract, on average, ten-fold.
Saturday, November 4, 2023 1:30pm - 4:30pm
Oral Presentations - Chemistry
Break 3:00-3:15
Student Union 302
| Chair, Analytical & Physical Chemistry: Emmalou Schmittzehe | Secretary, Organic & Inorganic Chemistry: Elizabeth Thomas |
| Chair, Organic & Inorganic Chemistry: Laura Rowe |
WITHDRAWN - Analytical method development for the analysis of e-liquids
First Author
Charlotte Gabbard
Morehead State University
Co-author
Alyssa Roark
Morehead State University
Co-author
Emmalou Schmittzehe
Morehead State University
Electronic cigarettes are one of the most commonly used methods of nicotine delivery, especially among the adolescent population. Due to the lack of regulation in manufacturer labeling of refillable nicotine solutions (e-liquids), the actual concentration of nicotine and other additives is variable as compared to the reported values. The objective of this research is to develop reliable analytical methods to study the variations in nicotine levels in e-liquids, and to identify and quantify other potentially harmful additives in e-liquids. In this research, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the identification of compounds, and we used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and GC-MS for the quantification of compounds. Troubleshooting analytical instrumentation and methodologies is another key aspect of this research. Through critical thinking and adaptive learning, as experimentation is done, adjustments are made that will potentially lead to more successful outcomes. This research is also being used to develop step-by-step manuals for the instruments to be used in an instrumentation course that will hopefully be offered at Morehead State University in the future.
1:45 - Calculated and Empirical Values of Vibronic Transition Dipole Moments of Reactive Chemical Intermediates for Determinati
First Author
Ian Jones
University of Louisville
Co-author
Jonathan Bersson
University of Louisville
Co-author
Jinjun Liu
University of Louisville
Co-author
Ketan Sharma
The Ohio State University
Co-author
Oleg Vasilyev
The Ohio State University
Co-author
Terry Miller
The Ohio State University
Co-author
John Stanton
University of Florida
Absorption spectroscopy has long been known as a technique for making molecular concentration measurements and has received enhanced visibility recently with the advent of more sensitive techniques. The application of these methods requires a known molecular absorption cross-section for the target, which typically is obtained by measurements of a standard sample of known concentration. However, this method fails if the species is highly reactive, and indirect means for attaining the cross-section must be employed. This work explores and describes the details of an alternative approach for obtaining these cross-sections for a set of peroxy radicals with known absorption cross-sections using quantum chemistry methods to calculate the transition dipole moment and the cross-section. Likewise, details are given for obtaining the transition moment from the experimentally measured cross-sections of individual rovibronic lines in the near-IR, ˜A-˜X electronic spectrum of hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) and the peaks of the rotational contours in the corresponding electronic transitions for the alkyl (methyl, ethyl, and acetyl) peroxy radicals. In the case of the alkyl peroxy radicals, good agreement for the transition moments, approximately 20%, is found between the two methods. However, rather surprisingly, the agreement is significantly poorer, approximately 40%, for the HO2 radical.
2:00 - Characterization of a Molybdenum Carboxylate Catalytic Precursor for Hydrodesulfurization
First Author
Katherine Stanley
Student
Co-author
Wilson Shafer
Asbury University
Co-author
Rob Hart
The Shepherd Chemical Company
This report focuses on the characterization of a molybdenum 2-ethylhexanoate. This material is a precursor for hydrodesulfurization catalysis. It has been the subject of several studies, but a convincing molecular structure model has remained elusive.1 Several experiments were done to gain insight about the molecular structure, including: pair distribution functions (PDF) via high energy x-ray diffraction (HEXRD), simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), chemical analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS). From these data, initial guesses at the structure were made by geometrical reasoning and chemical rationalization. The guessed-at structures were compared to the diffraction data. Good candidates were geometrically minimized with density functional theory (DFT) electronic structure calculation with the metal ions fixed. Those structures that achieved a stable minimum were re-assessed against the PDF. The best models had 3 to 4 molybdenum ions and were either neutral or dicationic. These models were allowed to geometrically relax with no constraints for comparison to the FTIR data. Overall, the strongest evidence is for predominantly neutral molecules containing four Mo ions and four 2-ethylhexanoate ions in the presence of some free acid.
2:15 - Copper-based catalysts for electrochemical CO2 conversion: effects of nitrogen-doped carbon support and ionomers
First Author
Prakhar Sharma
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Namal Wanninayake
University of Kentucky
Co-author
Doo Young Kim
University of Kentucky
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2RR) powered by renewable energy is a promising approach to reduce carbon emission as well as to store renewable energy. In this presentation, we will report the effects of ionomers and catalyst supports on the rate and product selectivity of CO2RR. CO2 electrolysis was performed in alkaline electrolyte with a flow-type electrochemical cell. Gas diffusion electrodes were prepared by either depositing a thin copper (Cu) layer on PTFE (Cu-PTFE) membrane or mounting copper nanoparticle mixed with doped carbon supports on the Cu-PTFE membrane. We found that the types of ionomers had a significant impact on the C2+ product overall selectivity as well as the selectivity of ethanol vs. ethylene. Also, nitrogen doped carbon supports significantly enhanced current density and C2+ product selectivity. XPS analysis indicates that nitrogen-doped carbon and Cu nanoparticles are covalently bonded, and pyridinic nitrogen (N) groups may play a crucial role in tailoring the electronic properties of Cu.
2:30 - Modeling the structure of molten and glassy silicates from X-ray and Neutron Diffraction studies
First Author
Rebekah Bogle
Asbury University
Co-author
Chris Benmore
Argonne National Laboratory
Co-author
Gustavo Costa
NASA Glenn Research Center
Co-author
Richard Weber
Materials Development Inc.
Co-author
Stephen Wilke
Materials Development Inc.
Co-author
Joerg Neuefeind
Oakridge National Laboratory
Silicate melts corrosion of ceramic coating materials applied on the hot section components of military and commercial aircraft turbines is still a major durability challenge. The corrosiveness of silicate melts is governed by high temperature chemical reactions at molecular level. It is important to understand the nature of these interactions at molecular level to mitigate the corrosion of ceramic coatings. To that end, Calcium-Magnesium-Aluminosilicate (CMAS) compositions were designed to be similar to those deposited on hot section components of the aircraft engines operated in various environments. High energy x-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction data on molten and glassy CMAS samples have been modeled using Empirical Potential Structure Refinement (EPSR). Here we report the cation-oxygen coordination numbers and determine the degree of polymerization in the melt via the average number of bridging oxygens. These results will allow for a greater understanding of the reactivity of silicate melts.
2:45 - Novel Synthesis of Maghemite Nanospheres on Nickel Foam as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Water Splitting
First Author
Asa Ashley
Bowling Green High School
Co-author
Qiu Ren
University of California Santa Cruz
Hydrogen has shown promise as the future of zero-carbon energy storage. However, due to the cost of noble metal electrocatalysts for Alkaline Water Splitting (AWS), most hydrogen production continues to rely on fossil fuels. Given these considerations, this work demonstrates the synthesis of an inexpensive, novel maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanosphere electrode. The electrocatalyst was prepared via a newly devised process involving hydrothermal decomposition of the iron hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) precursor and oxidation of the magnetite (Fe3O4) intermediate, resulting in the agglomeration of inverse spinel cubic structures, forming nanospheres. The electrode presented excellent electrocatalytic activities in a KOH medium with low overpotentials, outperforming the standard RuO2 noble metal electrode at high current densities in the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER). The electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of the electrocatalyst was increased by 274% and 335% for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and the OER, respectively, reducing the bubble problem and thus dramatically increasing efficiency. Furthermore, the synthesized electrocatalyst demonstrated better stability over 120 hours than noble metal catalysts. Overall, this solvothermal method exhibits potential to be generalized to the synthesis of other transition metal oxide-based nanostructures for a wide variety of applications.
3:15 - Spectroscopic Studies of Calcium Alkoxide Radicals
First Author
Md Touhidul Islam
University of louisville
Co-author
Rajan Lamichhane
University of louisville
Co-author
Jinjun Liu
University of Louisville
Metal-containing molecules are gaining attention in astrochemistry due to their presence in the interstellar medium and in synthetic chemistry because metal-containing free radicals are important reaction intermediates. Many radicals containing alkaline-earth metals are also promising candidates for direct laser cooling. Ultracold molecules can be used for precision measurements, quantum information storage, and quantum computing. Laser cooling has proven to be an effective tool to produce cold molecules. In recent years, our group has conducted computational calculations and spectroscopic studies on calcium alkoxide radicals, including CaOCH3, CaOC2H5, CaOC3H7, and CaOCH(CH3)2 under jet-cooled conditions. In the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and dispersed fluorescence (DF) spectroscopic measurements, we observed electronic transitions with largely diagonal Franck Condon matrices and high vibrational branching ratios for the origin (v=0-0) band, making these radicals potential candidates for laser cooling. The cavity ring-down (CRD) spectroscopy technique has been used to accurately determine the transition intensities and predict the laser-cooling efficiencies. Spectroscopic investigations show that vibronic and spin-orbit interactions between neighboring electronic states alter the transition intensities and introduce otherwise forbidden transition. The ongoing project on the trans and gauche conformers on CaOC3H7 aims to investigate the effects of conformations.
3:30 - Sulfur Containing Compounds and the Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols
First Author
Nathaniel Gillispie
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Matthew Nee
Western Kentucky University
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) photooxidizes in the atmosphere to form gaseous sulfuric acid, known to be a powerful nucleating agent for aqueous atmospheric aerosols. These aerosols are known to later adsorb volatile organic compounds which further oxidize to form Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOAs). These aerosols are likely to harm human health and the environment, at least for their PM2.5 classification alone, but unique effects have yet to be discovered. The highest concentrations of SOAs have been reported near sources of SO2, making it of particular interest to mechanistic survey. We do this by looking at both molecular dynamics simulations of freshly nucleated aerosols, and previously determined reaction chamber experiments to understand important kinetic pathways. Preliminary results show that a single SO2 molecule has a strong tendency to remain between the aqueous and gas interface, potentially exposing it to OH radicals from the gas phase as well as aqueous reactants.
WITHDRAWN - Synthesis of photocatalytic beads for water remediation
First Author
Julian Williams
Western Kentucky University/Dr. Matthew J. Nee
Co-author
Julian Williams
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Kellen Patterson
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Matthew Nee
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Kal-El Cline
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Gracie Veith
Western Kentucky University
Although water remediation methods have improved in recent years, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have proven to be quite resistant to most conventional water-cleansing methods. In response, our group chose to employ a novel water remediation method through chemical photocatalytic degradation: in which a molecular substance called a photocatalyst degrades these persistent organic pollutants on the molecular level when exposed to sunlight. This method has practical limitations, however, as most metal-oxide photocatalysts would sink to the bottom and be rendered ineffective. To solve these problems, our group has looked to embed the photocatalyst in the surface of a buoyant polymer support with high surface-area-to-volume ratio. Our group has successfully incorporated the photocatalyst in cheap plastics such as (poly)dimethyl-siloxane and polystyrene. In this paper, certain experimental parameters regarding the synthesis of (poly)methyl-methacrylate beads were optimized to increase the rate of photocatalytic degradation.
4:00 - Predicting the Reactions of Lewis Acid Gases with Group IV and Group VI Transition Metal Oxide Nanoclusters
First Author
Zachary Lee
Morehead State University
Co-author
Nick Joyner
The University of Alabama
Co-author
Luis Flores
Environmental Protection Agency
Co-author
Marissa Blair
Morehead State University
Co-author
David Dixon
The University of Alabama
Building on a recent serious of high level electronic structure studies of Lewis acid gas reactions with metal oxide sorbents, the addition of SOx (SO2 and SO3) and NO2 to Group IV (MO2)n and Group VI (MO3)n (n = 1 - 3) nanoclusters was studied using both density functional theory (DFT) and coupled cluster theory (CCSD(T)). The structures and overall binding energetics were predicted for physisorption (Lewis acid−base addition of NO2 or SOx without transfer of spin) as well as chemisorption. For SO2 and SO3, chemisorption occurs by bonding the sulfur to an oxygen of the metal oxide lattice to form sulfites and sulfates, respectively, whereas the NO2 chemisorption products involve spin transfer from NO2 to the metal oxide cluster either as a cluster-ONO (HONO-like or bidentate bonding) or as a surface NO3-. For Group IV (MO2)n clusters, chemisorption processes are predicted to be the most thermodynamically favored for both SOx and NO2 at temperatures ≥ 298 K. The ligand binding energies for physisorption and chemisorption on the TiO2 nanoclusters are consistent with computational studies of the bulk solids. NO2 chemisorption is only predicted to occur for (CrO3)n clusters in the form of a terminal nitrate containing species whereas the larger chemisorbed nitrate structures for (MoO3)n and (WO3)n were found to be metastable and unlikely to form in any appreciable amount at temperatures of 298 K and higher. The results of this work have implications for the removal of acid gas contaminants from fossil fuel post-combustion flue gas.
4:15 - Resurrecting simulated annealing as an enhanced sampling method for biomolecular modeling
First Author
Zachary Stichter
Western Kentucky University Department of Chemistry
Co-author
Matthew Nee
Western Kentucky University Department of Chemistry
The problem of docking flexible macromolecules continues to be a significant open challenge within the field of protein structure determination. Conventional approaches based on principles of rigid docking provide effective starting points. However, they are insufficient for modeling protein complexes that undergo significant backbone change during docking. Established sampling methods to model this backbone change are effective but computationally expensive. Here we resurrect an older method, simulated annealing, to rapidly search conformational space and identify interesting structures for further refinement. Using molecular dynamics software, we heat a protein of interest to investigate its conformational dynamics as temperature increases. Principal components analysis, then, provides a framework for evaluating those motions and extracting structures that most diverge from commonly explored regions. These divergent structures are strong candidates for refinement by cooling. Further, maintaining a minimal annealing temperature helps to limit denaturing during the simulation, leading to structures with greater biological relevance. Thus, we propose secondary structure retention as a metric to evaluate biological relevance in proteins and demonstrate its effectiveness to guide simulated annealing temperatures for a model system.
1:30 - Assessing vegetation change in the reclaimed mine sites in Lower Levisa watershed from 2011 and 2019 using lidar data.
First Author
Kabita Paudel
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Buddhi Gyawali
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Demetrio Zourarakis
Kentucky State University/ University of Kentucky
Surface coal mining in the Appalachian region of Eastern Kentucky has resulted in significant disturbance in forests over time. Understanding how much vegetation has changed in the reclaimed coal mine sites can help evaluate the effectiveness of current reclamation practices. The objectives of this study are to analyze vegetation changes in reclaimed mine lands as changes in vegetation structural metrics using statewide airborne lidar data from 2011 and 2019. Eighteen inactive surface mines, meeting specific criteria, were selected for the study. Lidar data was downloaded and processed in ArcGIS Pro to represent various vegetation attributes as lidar metrics. The study focused on three key metrics: maximum vegetation height (Hmax), mean vegetation height (Hmean), and canopy density (CD). Change maps for each metric were assessed over time. Significant positive changes in lidar vegetation metrics were observed between 2011 and 2019. The distribution of pixels in the change map revealed a consistent increase in the maximum vegetation height and mean vegetation height while the mean change in canopy density varied across the sites. The findings serve as a foundation for future research endeavors focused on vegetation recovery assessment and success in reclaimed minelands using lidar data.
1:45 - Influence of surface mining on seasonal hydrology response to storms across Eastern Kentucky, USA
First Author
Christopher Day
University of Louisville
Mountain Top Removal and Valley Fill (MTR/VF) practices have modified the surface cover, topography and resulting hydrology of many watersheds across the Appalachian region of the US. These practices extract coal by stripping the bedrock from the ridges and peaks of watersheds and depositing the waste rock and mining spoil into adjacent valleys. Conflicting research as to the resulting impacts on surface and groundwater hydrology in response to storms creates potential issues for subsequent mitigation projects seeking to recreate prior hydrological conditions and riparian ecosystems. To address this issue, we analyzed the potential impact of MTR/VF practices on seasonal watershed hydrology for a series of mining-impacted and control watersheds across the Eastern Coalfield of Kentucky. Focusing on quickflow coefficients, unit peak discharge and lag time in response to storms for the 2022 water year, we found that lag times were shortened for the mined watersheds while quickflow coefficients reduced when vegetation cover increased. Valley fill in mined watersheds also appears act like a sponge resulting in a delayed secondary release of quickflow from headwater locations during more intense storms. These findings may serve as a case study towards assisting future reclamation/mitigation practices for other mined, yet ungaged, watersheds across Eastern Kentucky aiming to correctly recreate the hydrologic conditions that resemble those of unmined landscapes.
2:00 - Preliminary Study: Kentuckians' Perception of the Environment and Use of Public Outdoor Space
First Author
Hannah Herrmann
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Leslie North
Western Kentucky Univeristy
Co-author
Amy Nemon
Western Kentucky University
Understanding how people perceive the environment and build public outdoor spaces is valuable for advising the direction of future development in a region. Through a four-section digital survey, this project aimed to understand Kentuckians' perception of the environment and their use of public outdoor spaces such as parks, farmer's markets, bike lanes, and walking paths. The survey was designed to glean information about respondents' perceptions of the environment, respondents' perceptions of public spaces, and respondents' use of public spaces. All survey respondents were Kentuckians over the age of 18. Survey responses revealed participants tended to agree with the idea of responsibly using land and forested areas. Respondents also felt that green spaces, forested areas, and outdoor public spaces were necessary parts of their communities, with most outdoor public spaces being used often by respondents. Survey data also revealed that while, in most cases, responses did not differ based on respondents' gender or age group, statistically significant differences between gender and age range responses were documented in relation to land conservation, wildlife protection, and park access.
2:15 - The Kentucky Giant Map: K-5 outreach around the state
First Author
Jill Brown
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Bristol Beaty
Western Kentucky University
The Kentucky Giant Map (KGM) is a classroom size, 21- by 17-foot map geared toward K-5th grade students. The KGM is laid on the floor while students walk on the map, learning and engaging in concepts that meet the Kentucky Academic Standards for Science. The Kentucky Geographic Alliance (KGA) was awarded the Kentucky Academy of Science Athey Science Education & Outreach Grant in 2022. The funds were used to place six Kentucky Giant Maps in locations around the state and create tool kits and materials to complement the KGM. Fourteen lesson plans were created by undergraduate students. Simple lessons, such as a scavenger hunt for features or Simon Says for cardinal directions, are appropriate for younger students, while older children may physically move materials around the map to illustrate the effects of water or air pollution. Educator training was provided where the maps were placed. Resources for the KGM are available on the KGA website, where teachers can see which lesson plans tie into the curriculum and academic standards for the grade they are teaching. The funding awarded by KAS established a solid start for the KGM, which current and future KGA undergraduate students will build on by creating more lesson plans that can be added to the website.
2:30 - Studying Climate Change Impacts in the Caribbean: A panel presentation
First Author
Daniel Woods
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Jada Jones
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Malik Thompson
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Jinniah Ali
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Gerail Pickett
Kentucky State University
Co-author
Buddhi Gyawali
Kentucky State University
Extreme weather events pose challenges to agricultural systems in the Caribbean, affecting agriculture, food security, and livelihoods. This panel presents the experiential learning experiences of six students from their recent visit to Jamaica and Dominica. The visit primarily focused on locations impacted by flooding, mudslides, and hurricane-affected areas. Key Informant interviews were conducted with selected farmers to gather information on agricultural production, marketing, and impacts of climate change using ArcGIS Survey 123. GIS maps were overlaid to elicit critical locational information on agricultural crops, vegetables, and fruit production, their consumption and marketing, and land-use patterns. The interviews provided insights into understanding climate change impacts on local environments. Participating students gained a comprehensive understanding of local agricultural production systems and climate change effects on the Caribbean's agricultural landscape. The visit was also helpful in understanding sustainable land management practices local farmers have adopted to adapt to climate change.
PB1 - Asp124 of subunit a of E.coli ATP synthase tolerates non-polar substitutions
First Author
Kimberly Hoang
Berea College
Co-author
Madison Stonestreet
Berea College
Co-author
Rashmi Shrestha
Berea College
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of life, is formed by the biological nanomotor ATP synthase. The enzyme is comprised of two rotary motors, an extrinsic F1 motor and a membrane-embedded F0 motor. It utilizes the rotary mechanism of the F0 motor to drive the synthesis of ATP in the F1 motor. Due to its essential function in cellular bioenergetics and cell death, ATP synthase is an emerging drug target for combating pathogenic bacteria. The increase in drug-resistant bacterial infections demands the identification of novel antibiotics that inhibits bacterial ATP synthase. Therefore, understanding the key interactions between subunits of ATP synthase may be crucial to inform future drug development. With the help of cryo-electron microscopy models of E. coli ATP synthase, we found that Asp124 of subunit a forms hydrogen bonds with Gln10 of subunit b and His15 of subunit a. A previous study has shown that His15 may be essential for the structural assembly of subunit a. Therefore, to understand the importance of Asp124 for ATP synthase activity, we generated four substitution mutants (Ala, Cys, Gly, and Glu) and evaluated their effect on proton pumping and ATP synthesizing functions. Our results demonstrated that substituting Asp 124 with non-polar residues are well tolerated; however, the change in the side chains' size significantly affected the ATP synthase activity through steric bulk.
PB2 - Bioinformatics approach for the identification of a box C/D guide RNA responsible for the Nm39 modification of tRNA
First Author
Ashton Davey
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Holly Funk
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Michael Guy
Northern Kentucky University
tRNA modifications play an important role in translation. The 2'-O-methylation of tRNA position 39 only occurs in multicellular eukaryotes, and the responsible enzyme is unknown. Prior studies in our lab have tested orphan methyltransferases but have not yet found the responsible enzyme. Alternatively, this modification could be carried out by a box C/D guide RNA, which is a class of small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA). We used bioinformatics scripts PLEXY and snoGlobe to evaluate potential targets. We have tested three tRNAs known to receive the Nm39 modification in humans against a database of known guide RNAs. Results show several potential guide RNAs which were then validated using a dataset of naturally occurring RNA-RNA hybrids identified through high throughput methodologies CLASH and FLASH. We will test the requirement for guide RNAs in cultured cells by knocking genes down using RNA interference in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast). We will then test for the presence or absence of 2'-O-methylation using partial base hydrolysis and primer extension. Additional experiments will utilize liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to detect the presence of 2'-O-methylation. MET22 will also be knocked down to preserve tRNA integrity. Future experiments will be conducted in human HAP1 cells. Only two guide RNAs have previously been shown to modify tRNA. This research seeks to illuminate potential non-canonical guide RNA-tRNA interactions as well as modifications of the tRNA anticodon loop.
PB3 - Determination of the effect on translation of 2'-O-methylation at positions 32 and 34 in eukaryotic tRNA
First Author
Anh Bui
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Holly Funk
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Linh Le
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Guy Michael
Northern Kentucky University
Post-transcriptional modification of tRNA is vital for efficient and error-free protein translation, with many human diseases associated with modification defects. Mutations in the widely conserved eukaryotic methyltransferase TRM7 is one of the causes of intellectual disability in humans and slow growth in the budding yeast.Trm7 must interact with Trm732 and Trm734 to perform 2'-O-methylation at Cm32 and Gm34 on tRNAPhe . In trm7∆ yeast, lack of 2'-O-methylation at both C32 and G34 causes translation defects but if only one modification is missing, yeast are healthy and do not have any other obvious defects. Therefore, the individual roles of these modifications are not well understood. We are growing S. cerevisiae mutants lacking TRM732 or TRM734 in the presence of drugs or other stressors to identify conditions that cause growth defects to study the individual roles of Nm32 and Nm34. The bidirectional expression of red and green fluorescent proteins (RFP and GFP) via the RNA-ID reporter system makes it possible to analyze the reliance of UUU and UUC codons on Cm and Gm. Codons to be examined are placed in front of GFP, allowing translation analysis in cells by their RFP/GFP ratio. Prior to conducting tests, we are presently striving to incorporate the reporter into the trm734 and trm732 mutants.
PB4 - Determining the requirements of tRNA binding by Trm7, Trm732, and Trm734
First Author
Anabel Lillie
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Micheal Guy
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Holly Funk
Northern Kentucky University
Post transcriptional tRNA modifications occur to ensure accurate synthesis of proteins during translation. Proteins that methylate tRNAPhe in yeast include Trm7, Trm732, and Trm734. Defects in the Trm7 human ortholog, FTSJI, cause intellectual disability. Trm7 modifies nucleotides C32 and G34 in yeast tRNAPhe ,with Trm732 and Trm734 predicted to bind and position tRNAPhe for methylation at these sites. Two different methods utilizing bacteria or yeast are being performed to determine if Trm732 and Trm734 are sufficient for tRNA binding. Plasmid expression in E. coli will allow for the purification of the target proteins Trm7, Trm734, and Trm732. Through protein-tRNA binding assays, it will be determined whether Trm732 and Trm734 can bind to tRNAPhe. Previously identified Trm732 and Trm734 variants mutated at functionally important amino acid residues will be analyzed in a similar manner to define their affinity for tRNAPhe. Another approach is being performed in yeast to determine if tagged Trm734 or Trm732 alone bind to tRNAPhe.
PB5 - Effects of maternal helminths on microglial development
First Author
Maddie Buroker
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Lauren Williamson, Ph.D.
Northern Kentucky University
Inflammation in the brain at early developmental stages can cause permanent cognitive impairment. Microglia, the primary immune cells in the brain, develop rapidly during the first week after birth and respond to immune challenges. Prenatal and neonatal environments may affect neuroinflammation. We assessed a model with commensalist parasites to provide anti-inflammatory signaling in rat mothers and examined the effects on their offspring. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were inoculated with rat tapeworms (Hymenolepis diminuta) or saline. Two pups from each litter were taken for tissue collection on postnatal days 1 and 4. On P4, the rest of the litter received injections of E. coli or PBS. Two pups from each litter were taken on P7 as well. Brain slices were stained for Iba1 and microglia were categorized in four groups: amoeboid, stout, thick long, and thin ramified. At P1, there were significantly more amoeboid and stout microglia than other morphologies. At P4, there were significantly more stout microglia and an increase in thick long and thin ramified cells. In the most mature morphology of each age group, the pups with maternal treatment of helminths have fewer mature cells compared to saline treatment. P7 counting is ongoing.
PB6 - Effects of Sex and Peripheral Inflammation on Learning and Neuroinflammation in Rats
First Author
Teah Hagan
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Chloe Routt
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Lauren Williamson, Ph.D.
Northern Kentucky University
Male and female rats show differences in memory following treatments of saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in which males have memory impairments that females do not. LPS causes an inflammatory immune response in the brain, which can impair the rats' memory on the context object discrimination (COD) task. The rats were treated with either saline or LPS and 6 hours later were tested on COD. Brains collected from the rats following testing were either sectioned for immunohistochemistry or homogenized to extract RNA. We have assessed microglia, the immune cells within the brain, via immunohistochemistry staining with Iba1, a microglial marker. We have also examined gene expression within the hippocampus with quantitative PCR (qPCR). We found that females treated with LPS performed learned on the COD task compared to other treatment groups and males. The qPCR results showed that interleukin-1β and fractalkine gene expression showed a sex by treatment interaction. Interleukin-1α and Ccl7 gene expression was elevated in groups injected with LPS treatment, regardless of sex.
PB7 - Identifying Important Residues in Trm734 through Site-Directed and Random Mutagenesis
First Author
Alisha Detmer
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Holly Funk
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Nick Korzenborn
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Michael Guy
Northern Kentucky University
tRNA modifications play a key role in proper protein synthesis. In the anticodon loop of tRNAPhe, the 2'-O-methylation of nucleotide G34 (Gm34) is fundamental for translation in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, humans, and other eukaryotes. The methylation of G34 is done by the Trm7:Trm734 complex. Trm7, whose human homolog is FTSJ1, is the methyltransferase, and Trm734, whose human homolog is WDR6, is a required partner protein. Mutations in FTSJ1 cause non-syndromic, X-linked intellectual disabilities, and patients with mutated FTSJ1 lack Gm34. Trm734 and WDR6 have both been shown to be required for Gm34 modification by Trm7 and FTSJ1, respectively, but the exact role of these proteins in modification is not known. We are using different methods to understand the function of Trm734, including targeted mutation and random mutation. For targeted mutations, we are looking at the structure of the Trm7:Trm734 complex and sequence alignments to identify residues and motifs that are important for the function of the complex or the binding of the complex. We then construct Trm734 variants and test them for modification activity in yeast. We are also generating libraries of random TRM734 variants. We are currently looking at ways to optimize these random mutation libraries and to verify that sufficient mutations are present in the libraries. Identifying loss of function Trm734 variants will help us understand how Trm734 and WDR6 work to facilitate the Gm34 modification on eukaryotic tRNA.
PB8 - Isolation of NC1 domain of collagen IV from Artemia
First Author
Molly Parsons
Berea College
Co-author
Nico Sigmon
Partner
Collagen IV is the principal component of basement membranes and is essential for the development and function of animals' tissues and organs. A previous study showed the upregulation of collagen IV during gastrulation in Nemoastostella vectensis. A similar result was also observed in Artemia. However, the exact function of collagen IV during gastrulation is unclear. We aim to isolate and purify enough NC1 domain of collagen IV from Artemia to determine its structure by X-ray crystallography, which may help us understand its role. We used commercially bought Artemia, performed collagenase digestion to remove the NC1 domain from collagen IV scaffolds, and isolated it using size-exclusion chromatography. Western blot was performed to confirm the presence of the NC1 domain. Our results showed that we were successful in partially isolating the protein. However, the yield and purity of the sample need optimization to obtain enough protein for crystallization.
PB9 - Phosphoserine Phosphatase and Malignant Transformation in Human Breast Tissues
First Author
Susan Sterling
Wood Hudson Cancer Research Laboratory
Co-author
Cecelia Reaugh
Wood Hudson Cancer Research Laboratory
Co-author
Erik Bey
Wood Hudson Cancer Research Laboratory
Co-author
James Deddens
University of Cincinnati, Department of Mathematics
Co-author
Larry Douglass
Wood Hudson Cancer Research Laboratory
Co-author
Julia Carter
Wood Hudson Cancer Research Laboratory
Breast cancer is the second most common form of cancer in women in the United States. It accounts for 30% of all cancer cases affecting women in the US. Phosphoserine Phosphatase (PSPH) is the third enzyme in serine biosynthesis, and we questioned if PSPH is a factor in breast cancer initiation and progression in women. The importance of PSPH in breast cancer in women has not been studied extensively.
We hypothesized that PSPH could potentially be used as an important biomarker in understanding breast cancer cell proliferation and tumor progression.
Histologic sections of archived formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) surgical specimens of breast tissues donated by St. Elizabeth Healthcare were stained immunohistochemically for expression of PSPH. The area of breast epithelial tissue stained immunohistochemically for PSPH, and the intensity of the stain was multiplied to give a 'Histoscore' for each tissue. Samples were analyzed statistically using a repeated measure analysis of variance with a Tukey adjustment for multiple comparisons.
PSPH expression did not differ significantly between normal breast and benign breast disease (p = 0.0752) but did differ significantly between normal breast and preinvasive breast cancers (p < 0.0001), invasive breast cancers (p < 0.0001), and metastatic breast cancers (p = 0.0049). Importantly, PSPH expression in benign breast disease differed significantly from preinvasive breast cancers (p = 0.0057).
Conclusion: These data are consistent with the conclusion that PSPH overexpression is associated with malignant transformation in human breast tissues.
We hypothesized that PSPH could potentially be used as an important biomarker in understanding breast cancer cell proliferation and tumor progression.
Histologic sections of archived formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) surgical specimens of breast tissues donated by St. Elizabeth Healthcare were stained immunohistochemically for expression of PSPH. The area of breast epithelial tissue stained immunohistochemically for PSPH, and the intensity of the stain was multiplied to give a 'Histoscore' for each tissue. Samples were analyzed statistically using a repeated measure analysis of variance with a Tukey adjustment for multiple comparisons.
PSPH expression did not differ significantly between normal breast and benign breast disease (p = 0.0752) but did differ significantly between normal breast and preinvasive breast cancers (p < 0.0001), invasive breast cancers (p < 0.0001), and metastatic breast cancers (p = 0.0049). Importantly, PSPH expression in benign breast disease differed significantly from preinvasive breast cancers (p = 0.0057).
Conclusion: These data are consistent with the conclusion that PSPH overexpression is associated with malignant transformation in human breast tissues.
PB10 - Role of Glutamine Metabolism in 3T3-L1 Cell Differentiation
First Author
Rachel Baird
KY-INBRE
The role of glutamine metabolism in stem cells has been a focus in recent studies to examine differentiation pathways. The purpose of this research was to look further into the regulated process of adipogenesis and see if glutamine was essential to differentiation. This research was conducted over a ten-day process, starting with seeding six samples of 3T3-L1 cells within 6-centimeter plates. Three of these samples were controls (+Gln) whilst the remaining three were without glutamine (-Gln). -Gln plates were seeded with 2 mL of cells and 3 mL of heat-inactivated media. +Gln plates were seeded with 500 µL of cells and 4.5 mL of heat-inactivated media. All plates were given 50 µL of glutamine. During days 1-2, -Gln plates were given only heat-inactivated media whilst +Gln plates were given heat inactivated media as well as glutamine. On days 3-5, differentiation media was started, and treatment included -Gln Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Media (DMEM), Dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, Rosiglitazone, and Insulin. -Gln plates were given 5 mL of differentiation media. +Gln plates were also given 5mL of differentiation media as well as 50 µL of glutamine. On days 6-8, -Gln plates were treated with -Gln DMEM as well as insulin. +Gln plates were treated with -Gln DMEM, insulin, and 50 µL of glutamine. On days 9-10, Oil Red and Western Blot were performed. Results showed that cell differentiation did occur in both samples. This meant that glutamine was not required to be within the media for cell differentiation to occur.
PB11 - Strategy for Identifying Trm7 Residues Important for Binding Trm732 and Trm734 Using Deep Sequencing
First Author
Alexandra Mullins
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Ashton Davey
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Holly Funk
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Michael Guy
Northern Kentucky University
Post-transcriptional tRNA modifications are required for efficient protein translation. In yeast, the Trm7 methyltransferase forms a complex with Trm732 to modify tRNA at position C32 and with Trm734 to modify tRNA at position G34. In humans, lack of FTSJ1, the human homolog of Trm7, causes intellectual disability. We have previously identified regions in Trm7 that are important for its function using a targeted mutagenesis strategy. However, we do not know which Trm7 residues are important for binding to Trm732 or Trm734. We have designed a Trm7 variant library that will be analyzed in strains lacking either Trm732 or Trm734. The Trm7 mutant library was incorporated into these strains by using a high efficiency transformation protocol. These strains will be deep sequenced to determine the Trm7 variants that are defective in binding to Trm732 or Trm734. This will be determined by identifying variants that are underrepresented in one of the strains, but overrepresented in the other. Strains with Trm7 variants that don't bind to Trm734 will grow slowly in cells lacking Trm732 and those with variants that don't bind to Trm732 will grow slowly in cells lacking Trm734.
PB12 - The Effects of Lithium Substitution for Sodium on Proprioceptive Sensory Function and Nerve Conduction
First Author
Joshua Griffith
University of Kentucky
Animals are exposed to lithium (Li+) in the natural environment as well as by contact with industrial sources and therapeutic treatments. Low levels of exposure over time and high volumes of acute levels can be harmful and even toxic. The following study examines the effect of high-volume acute levels of Li+ on sensory nerve function and nerve conduction. A proprioceptive nerve in the limbs of a marine crab (Callinectes sapidus) was used as a model to address the effects on stretch activated channels (SACs) and evoked nerve conduction. The substitution of Li+ for Na+ in the bathing saline slowed nerve condition rapidly; however, several minutes were required before the SACs in sensory endings were affected. The evoked compound action potential slowed in conduction and slightly decreased in amplitude, while the frequency of nerve activity with joint movement and chordotonal organ stretching significantly decreased. Both altered responses could be reversed with the return of a Na+ containing saline. Thus, perhaps subtle long-term exposure to Li+ may alter the function of SAC in organisms related to proprioception and nerve conduction.
PSY1 - Age-Related Differences in Dynamic Emotion Perception
First Author
Lynnsey Cole
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
My Tran
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Andrew mienaltowski
Western Kentucky University
When evaluating dynamic facial expressions, people track the motion of facial features and apply a category label to identify what emotion is expressed. However, facial expressions can often be mistaken for one another due to overlapping cues shared by categories. Previously, researchers have examined the perception of basic emotions (i.e., anger, happiness, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise). Our study is unique in that we are also investigating pain perception. Another factor often unexplored in emotion research is the impact of the observer's age. We gathered data from a younger adult (ages 19-35 years) and an older adult (ages 55-98 years) samples. Participants viewed dynamic emotion expressions and first generated an emotion label for each stimulus before then selecting one label from seven possible emotion categories for each stimulus. Label selection accuracy was excellent for most emotions except for pain and fear. Interestingly older adults struggled to detect pain relative to younger adults. The overlap in facial cues between pain and other emotions account for this difficulty. In this study, we characterize some factors that may contribute to challenges in perceiving pain and to age differences in pain perception.
PSY2 - Associations Between Racial Identity and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptomology in Black Americans
First Author
Calie Pannell
University of Louisville, COLOR Lab
Co-author
Alexandra Cowand
University of Louisville, COLOR Lab
Co-author
Yara Mekawi
University of Louisville, COLOR Lab
Anxiety is one of the most common mental health concerns in the U.S., but it remains undertreated and is commonly undiagnosed for Black Americans experiencing symptoms. Racial centrality and private regard are critical components of Black individuals' racial identity and can affect mental health in a multitude of ways. Although some studies have examined racial identity in relation to the well-being of Black Americans, studies have not yet examined associations with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms. For the current study, the sample consisted of 253 Black American adults who were recruited from Prolific, an online participant recruitment site. Measures included two subscales, Centrality and Private Regard, of the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity and the GAD-7. The results found that racial private regard was associated with lower levels of GAD symptoms (r = -.157.) However, there was no significant association between racial centrality and GAD symptoms. These results shed insight into how racial identity may be related to GAD symptomology and the potentially protective role of private regard for Black Americans.
PSY3 - Can we talk? Predictors of willingness to converse with someone who has a different view
First Author
Doug Krull
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Elisabeth Rowe
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Isabelle Zerhusen
Northern Kentucky University
Research suggests that our society has become increasingly divided and hostile. Communication 'across the aisle' might help, but are people willing to converse with someone whose viewpoint differs from their own? The current investigation explored willingness to do this in three controversial domains-creation/evolution, pro-life/pro-choice, and in favor/opposed to concealed carry of guns. For each of these domains, participants indicated their willingness to have a conversation with someone who holds a very different view. We also tested a variety of factors that might predict willingness (e.g., interest in the topic, interest in correcting misconceptions, anger toward those who disagree). Many findings emerged, including the following. 1) People expressed considerable willingness but viewed others as less willing to listen. 2) In general, people were more willing to converse if they were interested in the topic, wanted to correct misconceptions, wanted to learn, and wanted to build a relationship. 3) To some degree, anger predicted unwillingness to converse. 4) People were more willing to converse if they reported enjoying thinking and enjoying exciting activities. These results suggest that people are willing to converse with someone who holds a different view, but they think others are unwilling to listen. Correcting this misperception might promote conversations. In addition, some motivations (e.g., interest in learning, correcting misconceptions, enjoyment of thinking) predicted willingness, but others (e.g., concern about offending, confidence in one's view) did not. People might be more willing to converse if the conversation is presented as an opportunity to address the relevant motivations.
PSY4 - Caregiver Study I: Characteristics of Long-term Caregivers in Eastern Kentucky
First Author
Nicholas Finch
Morehead State University
Co-author
Wesley White
Morehead State University
Co-author
Ilsun White
Morehead State University
According to the KY-CHFS, one of every two adults in Kentucky have at least one chronic disease (CHFS, 2022). Many chronic illnesses require long-term care provided at home by unpaid family members and friends, and the burden of caregiving impacts caregivers' quality of life significantly. Moreover, high emotional empathy of caregivers can be a risk factor and systematic training and education is needed for the caregivers. As a part of 6-week caregiver training program, we examined the characteristics of family caregivers in eastern Kentucky. Caregiver participants, age 19-86, were primarily females (75%) with a low-income status. Participants reported moderate to high stress levels, and less than 50% of them expressed their own stress management was effective. Caregivers reported physical problems (65%) and mental health problems (58%), such as depression and anxiety, but less than half of them were seeking treatment. Moreover, most caregivers spent approximately 12-16 hours per day in caregiving, and most of them (68%) provided care alone while only 32% had support from family members. Challenges of caregivers were emotional burden and burnout (38%), social isolation and lack of support (30%), physical exhaustion (22%) and financial problems (10%). Care receivers, age 11-86, had different conditions, including cognitive impairment associated with neurological disorders and aging; physical disability, developmental disorders, and psychological disorders. Present findings emphasize the importance and need of caregiver training, which can provide useful strategies and resources that enable the caregiver to better cope with challenges in caregiving. Supported by the KY-CHFS grant and Morehead State University.
PSY5 - Characteristics Of Different Classes of Antidepressants
First Author
Dalton Scott
Morehead State University
Co-author
llsun White
Morehead State University
According to CDC, prevalence of depression ranges 12.7%-27.5% and the Appalachian region showed the highest prevalence (CDC 2020). Antidepressants relieve depressive symptoms by altering major neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and glutamate, and each type works in slightly different ways. Although appropriate treatment reduces depressive symptoms in 70-80% of individuals, selecting an appropriate one can be challenging. This study reviewed the characteristics of antidepressants, focusing on brain mechanism and effectiveness, based on research articles, clinical trials, and treatment guidelines. Antidepressants were categorized in 5 groups: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and NMDA antagonists. SSRIs which selectively block reuptake of serotonin and increase serotonin transmission were used as a typical first-line treatment of mild-moderate depression. Similarly, SNRIs were used as a first-line treatment of moderate-severe depression by blocking serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. TCAs were often used in severe depression, particularly in treatment resistant depression (TRD) after two or more antidepressants failed. TCAs block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, with potent anticholinergic effect. MAOIs were used if all other drug treatment failed and showed severe side effects. NMDA antagonists, a new class of drugs, were used in TDR. Compared to other types, NMDA antagonists showed a rapid reduction of depressive symptoms by directly blocking NMDA receptors. Present review emphasizes that understanding characteristics of antidepressants would further expand our understanding of selection and use of appropriate antidepressants in treatment of depressive disorders.
PSY6 - Comparing agonist treatments for maternal mice postpartum in attempt to reduce maternal overdose deaths.
First Author
Kamryn Keehan
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Brittany Smith
Northern Kentucky University
As there is currently a nationwide opioid crisis, the number of infants exposed to opioids during gestation has also increased. Opioid agonist medications are effective treatments for women with opioid use disorder during pregnancy. Buprenorphine (BUP) a partial µ -opioid receptor agonist can improve gestational and neonatal outcomes. However, postpartum maternal overdose deaths have been escalating and it is unknown whether BUP benefits to the mother extends to the postpartum period. Therefore, we sought to compare maternal postpartum cognitive and behavioral outcomes after exposure to BUP compared to Morphine (MO), a full µ -opioid receptor agonist, based upon the murine model. Mouse dams were injected once daily s.c. with saline (SAL, n = 10), MO (10 mg/kg, n = 12), or BUP (0.1 mg/kg, n = 8) throughout gestation until offspring were weaned on postnatal day (P)21. We examined maternal outcomes along with maternal executive functioning via the puzzle box and touchscreen 5 choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT). We found that MO and BUP dams left the nest significantly more than saline dams, suggesting that the MO and BUP doses are comparable. In the puzzle box, we found that MO dams performed better than both SAL and BUP dams on the easiest version of this escape-based task. Lastly, there was a significant drug x day interaction found, where BUP dams were less accurate than SAL mice on Day 3. Together this data suggests that MO may enhance escape behavior while BUP may improve adult executive functioning after gestation.
PSY7 - Comparing Associations Between Child Sexual Assault, Adult Sexual Assault, and Negative Network Orientation.
First Author
Olivia Dick
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Lily Milam
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Hanna Forrest
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Kelsey Woodward
Eating Recovery Center
Co-author
Matthew Woodward
Western Kentucky University
Child sexual assault, occurring during formative years, can severely disrupt one's trust in others, making it challenging to access and establish supportive networks. In contrast, adult sexual assault survivors may have established social networks and coping mechanisms, potentially allowing them increased access to support systems and preserved positive network attitudes. However, risks for decreased social connections during the aftermath of the assault, such as shame and posttraumatic symptoms, can also occur. Considering these perspectives, there may be variation between these sexual assault types and resulting network orientation. The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between child/adult sexual assault exposure and negative network orientation (i.e., negative attitudes about utilizing social support).
Participants included 1279 young adults attending a large midwestern university who completed an online survey assessing network orientation, CSA and ASA exposure. Analyses included independent samples t-tests to compare network orientation scores between individuals who have experienced childhood SA and those who experienced adult SA. Results showed that exposure to any SA resulted in significantly higher negative network orientation scores than no exposure. Similarly, exposure to both child and adult SA indicated increased negative orientations compared to those who had been exposed to only one type of SA. In contrast, there were no significant differences in network orientation scores between exposure to CSA or ASA respectively. This suggests that exposure to SA, regardless of age, negatively impacts one's attitudes towards social support, and these effects can be exacerbated by exposure to both types of SA.
Participants included 1279 young adults attending a large midwestern university who completed an online survey assessing network orientation, CSA and ASA exposure. Analyses included independent samples t-tests to compare network orientation scores between individuals who have experienced childhood SA and those who experienced adult SA. Results showed that exposure to any SA resulted in significantly higher negative network orientation scores than no exposure. Similarly, exposure to both child and adult SA indicated increased negative orientations compared to those who had been exposed to only one type of SA. In contrast, there were no significant differences in network orientation scores between exposure to CSA or ASA respectively. This suggests that exposure to SA, regardless of age, negatively impacts one's attitudes towards social support, and these effects can be exacerbated by exposure to both types of SA.
PSY8 - Kappa opioid receptor antagonist reduces a sign of acute withdrawal from amphetamine in rats
First Author
Emma Brock
Morehead State University
Co-author
Timo Klausnitzer
Morehead State University
Co-author
Ilsun White
Morehead State University
Co-author
Wesley White
Morehead State University
When rats are given 2.0 mg/kg amphetamine, hyperactivity, indicative of an acute state, occurs during the first four hours following treatment. Reduced activity, indicative of acute withdrawal, occurs 13 to 24 hours post-treatment. Selective kappa opioid antagonists, like nor-BNI, have recently been shown to attenuate withdrawal from chronically administered drugs of abuse. Administration of nor-BNI is typically 24-hours before a target manipulation, and effects could persist for weeks. This study examined the capacity of nor-BNI to block acute withdrawal from amphetamine. Adult male Wistar rats were given a variety of weekly tests. On Day 1 of a test, animals were given a control treatment, and on Day 3, they were given a drug treatment. Distance moved in an open field was monitored for 24 hours following each treatment. Day 3 treatments included 2.0 mg/kg amphetamine either alone or preceded 24-hours earlier by nor-BNI. In later tests 2.0 mg/kg amphetamine was given, and the long-term effect of nor-BNI was assessed 1 to 2 weeks after administration. Amphetamine alone produced hyperactivity 1-4 hours following treatment, and reduced activity 13-24 hours following treatment. Nor-BNI did not appear to alter hyperactivity but did appear to prevent reduction of activity 13-24 hours post-treatment. Nor-BNI seems to prevent acute withdrawal as assessed with a locomotor activity measure. Acute withdrawal symptomology appeared to return 2 weeks following nor-BNI. Withdrawal appears to involve kappa opioid receptor activation. Assessment of determinants of acute withdrawal may disclose factors that promote intermittent to chronic drug use.
PSY9 - Media influences and societal perceptions: The impact of stigmatizing portrayals of mental illness
First Author
Grace Salloum
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Andrew Mienaltowski
Western Kentucky University
Media portrayals of mental illnesses can influence society's perceptions of them, notably when an individual's knowledge largely hinges on these portrayals. Stigma shapes attitudes toward individuals with mental illnesses by leading observers to devalue the afflicted. Stigma can cause one to be rejected by society, lose social status, and experience discrimination associated with stereotype-driven prejudice. Based on the prevalence of the stigmatized portrayal of characters in entertainment media from 1950 to 2020, the study employed experimental methods to observe how media shapes beliefs toward mental health disorders. Participants observed a media-based portrayal of mental illness framed to either present a stigmatized target or a target that was presented in a more humanizing light. In the stigmatized condition, stereotype-consistent negative behaviors were emphasized as the primary source of information from which one might create judgments about a social target. In the non-stigmatized condition, the social target's behaviors reflected an impartial view of their mental illness, so attributions should be less biased toward stereotype-consistent negative behaviors. Participants completed questionnaires measuring public and perceived stigma toward mental illness, their familiarity with mental illness, perceptions of social implications of living near and interacting with individuals with mental illness, and perceptions of the responsibility that the afflicted bears for the illness and their likelihood of successfully experiencing treatment. Participants exposed to the stigmatized portrayals used this to inform their understanding of mental illness, resulting in a biased perception of the afflicted social target.
PSY10 - Oral Self-Administration of Methamphetamine in Rats
First Author
Bradley Zwick
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Rayah Bako
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Kevin Berlin
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Maria Broderick
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Sadie Dillon
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Reuben Mains
Northern Kentucky University
Methamphetamine (METH) overdose deaths have more than doubled during the second half of the 2010s. Animal research is important for studying the mechanisms that control METH use. Although individuals can ingest METH orally, few studies have examined oral METH self-administration in animals. Previous research has shown that mice exert little effort to earn access to a METH solution. The purpose of the current study was to determine if rats show a similar decrease in motivation to earn oral METH across increasing response requirements. Sixteen Sprague Dawley rats (equal number of males and females) were trained to emit a response in an aperture to receive a 0.1-ml METH solution (40 mg/l) according to a fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule (i.e., one response leads to an infusion of METH). The FR requirement increased across sessions to an FR 10. Responses for METH decreased significantly when an FR 10 schedule was used compared to FR 1, FR 3, and FR 5 schedules. These results suggest that rats, similarly to mice, have low motivation to self-administer oral METH. Thus, this route of administration does not appear to be suitable for studying specific addiction-like behaviors in rodents.
PSY11 - Parental behavior and teen self-compassion
First Author
Andrew Russell
Morehead State University
Co-author
Brandi Stone
Morehead State University
Co-author
Sammi Conley
Morehead State University
Co-author
Shari Kidwell
Morehead State University
Self-compassion has been shown to be highly associated with adolescent mental health (Marsh, Char, & MacBeth, 2018). Teens with high self-compassion are understanding towards themselves, perceive humans as inevitably imperfect, and are balanced in their responses when things 'go wrong' (Neff, 2009). While research has suggested that self-compassion is related to parenting, most research relies on parents' self-report of parenting. We examined parental sensitivity and covert hostility in a 10-minute dyadic reminiscing task amongst 21 families in Eastern Kentucky. Parenting behaviors towards their adolescent (average age 16.6 years) were noted every 15 seconds. Specifically, sensitivity was noted as present if a parent behaved in a manner that their teen seemed to see as positive, whereas covert hostility was noted if a parent behaved in a dismissive manner. Adolescent self-compassion was assessed via self-report on the Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003). Analyses are forthcoming, but we hypothesize that decreased teen self-compassion will be associated with lower rates of parental sensitivity and higher rates of hostility. If true, this suggests that adolescent mental health might be positively impacted by interventions that increase parenting sensitivity, via increased teen self-compassion.
PSY12 - Parental Criticism and Coherence in Association with Adolescent Symptomology.
First Author
Emma Ammerman
Craft Academy, Morehead State University
Co-author
Hope Meyers
Craft Academy, Morehead State University
Co-author
Shari Kidwell
Psychology Department, Morehead State University
The concept of toxic family stress has gained attention in recent years. Expressed emotion procedures are one method of assessing toxic family stress (Peris & Miklowitz, 2015). The aim of this study is to demonstrate an association between parental expressed emotion and internalizing symptoms amongst adolescents. As part of a larger, longitudinal study, 21 families participated in a 3-hour campus visit. Children averaged 16.6 years of age and approximately half were female. The Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS: Magana-Amato 1993) involved asking parents to describe their teen and the parent-teen relationship. Following published guidelines (Sher-Censor et al., 2013), FMSS transcripts were coded for positive and negative remarks, as well as overall narrative coherence. Symptoms were rated utilizing the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL, Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001), by both the parent and teen. Internalizing symptoms suggest the experience of anxiety and depression, while externalizing symptoms suggest rule-breaking. Analyses are forthcoming, but the authors hypothesize that parents who are more critical, less positive, and less coherent will tend to have teens with greater internalizing symptoms. If true, this suggests interventions aimed at modifying parental perceptions of their teen may be impactful on adolescent adjustment.
PSY13 - Parenting sensitivity and preschooler emotion and behavior problems
First Author
Taylor Corbin
Morehead State University Department of Psychology
Co-author
Trinity Pangallo
Morehead State University Department of Psychology
Co-author
Abigail Chaney
Morehead State University Department of Psychology
Co-author
Shari Kidwell
Morehead State University Department of Psychology
Co-author
Annabelle McNeal
Morehead State University Department of Psychology
Parental sensitivity has been shown to be an important risk or protective factor for children's development (van der Voort et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2020). Sensitivity is defined as parental behavior that is attuned to children's emotional needs. In the present study, we hypothesize that parents' sensitivity will be related to child- and parent-report of symptoms. As part of larger study, 48 preschoolers and their parents participated in a game of ring toss. The Toddler Care Index 15-point scale (Crittenden, 2007) was utilized to rate parents' sensitivity during the procedure. Lower scores indicate decreased sensitivity, including both withdrawn and hostile parenting. Children were interviewed about their internalizing (e.g., anxious) and externalizing (e.g., oppositional) behaviors, using a puppet interview developed for the study. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL: Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001), which also assesses internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Data coding continues, but analyses of the first 20 families' data partially supported our hypotheses. Parents with lower sensitivity reported that their children had greater symptoms; however, child-report on the puppet interview was not significantly associated with parenting. If our findings continue in this way, they will have implications for risk assessment and early intervention.
PSY14 - Parents approach to their feelings and teen psychological symptoms
First Author
Makayla Adams
Morehead State University
Co-author
Ashlee Lewis
Morehead State University
Co-author
Alexander Urs
Morehead State University
Co-author
Andrew Unthank
Morehead State University
Co-author
McKenzie Burton
Morehead State University
Co-author
Shari Kidwell
Morehead State University
Mindful parenting posits that parents' socialization of children's emotions and behavior depends on the parents' present-moment awareness and non-judgmental acceptance. This, in turn, is thought to lead to better child adjustment (Duncan et al. 2009; Gouveia et al., 2018). While this concept has growing empirical support, researchers tend to rely on mindful parenting questionnaires. The current study examines parents' mindful approach towards their own sadness and anger in association with their adolescents' psychological symptoms. Twenty-one families participated in this phase of our longitudinal Eastern Kentucky study. Most families were Caucasian, had parents with college education, and had teens that were 16 years old. Parents were interviewed about their experiences with sadness and anger. Interviews are coded for accepting and adaptive attitudes towards these emotions, using a series of 5-point scales. Teen symptoms were rated utilizing the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL, Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001), completed by both the parent and adolescent. Internalizing symptoms reflect anxiety and depression, while externalizing symptoms involve rule-breaking behavior. Analyses are forthcoming, but we predict that parents with high awareness, acceptance, and adaptive regulation of emotions will tend to have children with fewer symptoms. If true, these findings will support an important contention of mindful parenting.
PSY15 - Rater Biases in the Evaluation of Job Applicants: The Influence of Gender Identity Cues on Hiring Decisions
First Author
Jessica Hamm
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Kate Wade
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Kinsey Bryant-Lees
Northern Kentucky University
Previous research has shown that sexual and gender minority (SGM) workers experience higher rates of discrimination in the workplace and more instances of hiring bias compared to their heterosexual and cisgender peers. We expect that this is directly linked to societal cisnormativity, or the assumption that ones' individual traits and social roles should correspond to their gender assigned at birth, and remain within a binary gender system (Anderson, 2023). While there is clear evidence of discriminatory patterns of behavior towards SGM workers in survey research and audit studies, there have been very few experimental studies examining the underlying mechanisms. Thus, in the current study we examine the impact of two gender identity cues on the evaluations of mock job applicants, using a: 3 (gender expression: feminine, masculine, androgynous) X 3 (pronouns: binary, non-binary, none) within subject design.
Participants (N = 801; 62% male, 84% White/Caucasian, and 58% heterosexual) were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk and compensated $.50 for their participation. Each participant, or rater, was asked to evaluate five similarly qualified applicants on their qualifications, hireability, and afterwards, to select their 'top choice. Using a multilevel modeling approach, we examined the interaction between the applicants' gender expression and pronoun presentation cues, and their impact on the raters' evaluations. We also examine the role of rater characteristics (i.e., gender identity, age, and gender role beliefs) in the evaluations of applicants' qualifications and top candidate selections. The results of the study are presented and implications for both research and practice are discussed.
Participants (N = 801; 62% male, 84% White/Caucasian, and 58% heterosexual) were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk and compensated $.50 for their participation. Each participant, or rater, was asked to evaluate five similarly qualified applicants on their qualifications, hireability, and afterwards, to select their 'top choice. Using a multilevel modeling approach, we examined the interaction between the applicants' gender expression and pronoun presentation cues, and their impact on the raters' evaluations. We also examine the role of rater characteristics (i.e., gender identity, age, and gender role beliefs) in the evaluations of applicants' qualifications and top candidate selections. The results of the study are presented and implications for both research and practice are discussed.
PSY16 - The Association Between PTSD and Sleep Quality is Moderated by Cannabis Use Frequency
First Author
Caitlin McGettrick
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Lily Milam
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Katie Moskal
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Jenni Teeters
Western Kentucky University
Co-author
Matthew Woodward
Western Kentucky University
Studies have identified a link between PTSD, cannabis use, and sleep quality, but research has yielded mixed results. Several studies suggest that cannabis use may help with sleep difficulties in people with PTSD, while others show that long-term heavy cannabis use can impair sleep quality. Individuals with PTSD commonly endorse sleep difficulties and are more likely to report heavy cannabis use than people without PTSD. As such, individuals with PTSD may be motivated to use cannabis as a sleep aid, but it is unclear whether this influences the association between PTSD symptoms and sleep difficulties. The purpose of the current submission was to examine whether the relationship between PTSD symptoms and sleep quality was moderated by cannabis use frequency. A sample of 373 emerging adults recruited from Prolific (54% male; 57% White) completed an online survey assessing cannabis use, sleep quality, and PTSD symptoms. Although PTSD was associated with sleep problems at all levels of cannabis use, PTSD was more strongly associated with poor sleep quality at lower levels of cannabis use. Results suggest that while use of cannabis may decrease associations between PTSD and sleep problems, additional intervention is needed to improve sleep difficulties in trauma survivors.
PSY17 - The Equivalent Expected Value (EEV) Task: A Novel Paradigm for Measuring Risky Choice in Rodents
First Author
Reuben Mains
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Shreeukta Adhikari
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Raya Bako
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Bradley Zwick
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Kevin Berling
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Maria Broderick
Northern Kentucky University
Risky choice is conceptualized as decision making in the face of uncertainty. Several psychiatric disorders are characterized by maladaptive risky choice, such as gambling disorder and substance use disorders. There are several behavioral paradigms that purportedly measure risky choice in rodents; however, these tasks often confound risky choice with other constructs such as suboptimal decision making and behavioral flexibility. The purpose of the current experiment was to test a novel task that measures risky choice in rodents: the equivalent expected value (EEV) task. In the EEV task, rats choose between one of two reinforcers (food pellets). The magnitudes and probabilities associated with each reinforcer changed across four blocks of trials, but the expected value of each reinforcer was identical (e.g., 4 pellets delivered with a probability of 1 vs. 5 pellets delivered with a probability of 0.8). Using the EEV task, we found that females are more risk averse than males and that methamphetamine decreases risk aversion in both males and females. We are currently in the process of replicating these results using two different versions of the EEV task in which the magnitudes of each reinforcer remain constant across blocks of trials.
PSY18 - The impact of organizational expectations and important people in employees' lives on psychological detachment from work
First Author
Gabrielle Weber
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Allyson Graf
Northern Kentucky University
Psychological detachment from work is important for workers' health, and research suggests that organizational expectations to work after hours and important people in workers' lives (like family) may influence psychological detachment. Thus, this study examined whether workers' psychological detachment is impacted differently depending on whether a work policy, supervisor, or colleague communicates the expectation to work during nonwork hours and whether workers have important people in their lives telling them to not work during nonwork hours. Participants were measured on their baseline psychological detachment; presented with three vignettes describing work policies, supervisors, and colleagues that encouraged working during nonwork hours; and measured on their psychological detachment from work based on each vignette. One group's vignettes referenced important people in their lives telling them to not work after hours while another group's vignettes did not make this reference. Results indicated that only the work policy significantly reduced participants' psychological detachment, that psychological detachment was significantly lower after exposure to the work policy than after exposure to the supervisor and colleague, and that there was no main effect of the presence of important people on psychological detachment. This has implications for how organizations should communicate the expectation to work after hours.
PSY19 - Using the Morris Water Maze to test learning and memory in mice exposed to benzo[a]pyrene
First Author
Taylor Easybuck
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Jade Perry
Northern Kentucky University
Benzo[a]pyrene is a widespread pollutant linked to several health problems in humans, including cancer and neurological deficits in children exposed during early brain development. Sources include air pollution from forest fires and fossil fuel burning or ingestion of grilled foods. To test how the developing brain is affected by BaP exposure, pregnant Cyp1b1(+/+) wild type and Cyp1b1(-/-) knockout mice were mated and randomly assigned to treatment groups. Starting on gestational day 10 (G10), the treatment group is given 10mg/kg/day BaP dissolved in corn oil-soaked cereal until the offspring are weaned at postnatal day 25 (P25). Control mice receive only corn oil-soaked cereal. One male and one female from each litter begin neurobehavioral testing when they are young adults at P60. We used the Morris water maze to test hippocampal dependent spatial learning and memory. We found a significant gene x treatment interaction in the final, most difficult phase. All groups showed impairments compared to control Cyp1b1(+/+) wild type mice. There were significant differences on 4 days of testing and a trend toward significance on the other two days.
PSY20 - You belong here: Exploratory factor analysis of a measure of campus belonging and its implications in higher education
First Author
Kinsey Bryant-Lees, PhD
Northern Kentucky University
Co-author
Lindsey Totten
Northern Kentucky University
Campus climate perceptions significantly impact student success outcomes, particularly for underrepresented or marginalized student groups. Thus, a psychometrically sound climate survey can provide useful data on the unique lived experiences of students from different backgrounds, and should be utilized to inform leadership decision-making. The intent of this study was to (1) develop a measure of campus inclusion and belongingness and establish initial validity evidence, and (2) to better understand the campus climate and the differential effects of campus belongingness on students.
Data from participants at a public midsize southern institution (N = 455 undergraduate and graduate students) were collected via a campus climate. The survey included 9-items that assessed campus belongingness. Using an exploratory factor analysis with Principle Axis Factor (PAF) extraction and Oblimin rotation (all loading coefficients > .45), we identified three sub-factors, each composed of 3-items, within the belongingness scale: social support, prejudice, and safety/respect. Overall, students were more likely to recommend the university when they scored higher on belongingness. Additionally, comparisons of group differences revealed that both minority gender identity and racial minority students reported higher rates of prejudice than their respective majority groups. The results of this study indicate the importance of using a psychometrically sound measure to understand how students experience their college campus. Additional results will be further explored and implications discussed.
Data from participants at a public midsize southern institution (N = 455 undergraduate and graduate students) were collected via a campus climate. The survey included 9-items that assessed campus belongingness. Using an exploratory factor analysis with Principle Axis Factor (PAF) extraction and Oblimin rotation (all loading coefficients > .45), we identified three sub-factors, each composed of 3-items, within the belongingness scale: social support, prejudice, and safety/respect. Overall, students were more likely to recommend the university when they scored higher on belongingness. Additionally, comparisons of group differences revealed that both minority gender identity and racial minority students reported higher rates of prejudice than their respective majority groups. The results of this study indicate the importance of using a psychometrically sound measure to understand how students experience their college campus. Additional results will be further explored and implications discussed.
Saturday, November 4, 2023 1:30pm - 4:30pm
Workshop- Engaging Hands-On Activities for the 8 April 2024 Total Solar Eclipse
Griffin Hall 316
This workshop is organized by the Kentucky Association of Physics Teachers, and is targeted to Physics educators in HS and higher education.
Don't be left in the dark when the solar eclipse happens on Monday 8 April 2024. Through Hands-on activities, participants will be provided with dozens of resources to maximize your students' experiences of the upcoming total solar eclipse. Topics will include several methods to safely enjoy viewing the Sun and partial phases of the eclipse; accurately scaled models of the Sun, Earth, and Moon; and detailed examples of a learner-centered experiment related to a solar eclipse.
On Monday 8 April 2024, the path of totality will be visible in a path starting in Mexico, crossing through Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, & Maine, and across the eastern provinces of Canada. Everywhere else in North America will have a partial solar eclipse. It will be teachers who are the natural ambassadors for science engagement and trusted advice. The hands-on activities presented in this workshop are meant to prepare teachers.
Presenter: Dr. Richard Gelderman, Western Kentucky University
Don't be left in the dark when the solar eclipse happens on Monday 8 April 2024. Through Hands-on activities, participants will be provided with dozens of resources to maximize your students' experiences of the upcoming total solar eclipse. Topics will include several methods to safely enjoy viewing the Sun and partial phases of the eclipse; accurately scaled models of the Sun, Earth, and Moon; and detailed examples of a learner-centered experiment related to a solar eclipse.
On Monday 8 April 2024, the path of totality will be visible in a path starting in Mexico, crossing through Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, & Maine, and across the eastern provinces of Canada. Everywhere else in North America will have a partial solar eclipse. It will be teachers who are the natural ambassadors for science engagement and trusted advice. The hands-on activities presented in this workshop are meant to prepare teachers.
Presenter: Dr. Richard Gelderman, Western Kentucky University
Saturday, November 4, 2023 1:30pm - 4:30pm
Workshop- Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning: A student-centered approach for STEM classrooms
Griffin Hall 150
This workshop is designed for current and future instructors and administrators- faculty, undergraduates and graduate students who are going into teaching positions. Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) is a pedagogical approach in which students work in teams to uncover and construct information that leads to their learning of class content. In the 
process of learning topical content, students also gain skills such as teamwork, problem solving, information processing, and the ability to reflect on their own learning. In a POGIL classroom, the teacher facilitates student learning by listening to the teams' conversations, guiding teams when necessary, and bringing the class together to discuss what they have learned. A POGIL classroom buzzes with conversation, questions, and the excitement of figuring out difficult material with peers. Research shows that students learn more and retain more information with the POGIL approach than they do with lecture alone. ,
This workshop will provide participants with a student-eye-view of a POGIL classroom, followed by guidance on how to facilitate a POGIL classroom, as well as data on the effectiveness of the approach. Postsecondary and K-12 instructors will acquire tools and materials to use in their classrooms, whether or not they choose to adopt the POGIL approach.
Presenter: Dr. Megan Morgan Hoffman, Berea College
process of learning topical content, students also gain skills such as teamwork, problem solving, information processing, and the ability to reflect on their own learning. In a POGIL classroom, the teacher facilitates student learning by listening to the teams' conversations, guiding teams when necessary, and bringing the class together to discuss what they have learned. A POGIL classroom buzzes with conversation, questions, and the excitement of figuring out difficult material with peers. Research shows that students learn more and retain more information with the POGIL approach than they do with lecture alone. ,This workshop will provide participants with a student-eye-view of a POGIL classroom, followed by guidance on how to facilitate a POGIL classroom, as well as data on the effectiveness of the approach. Postsecondary and K-12 instructors will acquire tools and materials to use in their classrooms, whether or not they choose to adopt the POGIL approach.
Presenter: Dr. Megan Morgan Hoffman, Berea College
Saturday, November 4, 2023 2:15pm - 4:15pm
Field Trip to Big Bone Lick State Historic Site
By RSVP. Transportation is on your own and group will meet outside the museum at 2:15pm. Participants are encouraged to carpool and those heading home to the south can depart from Big Bone Lick. Park interpreters will offer tours of the salt springs and a visit with the bison herd!
A U.S. National Natural Landmark, Big Bone Lick State Historic Site records details about the lives, and deaths, of Ice Age mammals that roamed our region aroun
d 20,000 years ago. Remains of wooly mammoths (one skeleton is at the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History), American mastodons, horses, caribou, elk, and giant ground sloths have been found here, attracted by the salty deposits around sulfur 
springs. As the glaciers retreated, muddy swamps would form, and sometimes these animals would sink and become stuck in the mud. In 1807, President Thomas Jefferson sent America’s first paleontology expedition to this salt lick that was known among native Americans and French explorers for its big bones. The trip was headed by General William Clark of the famous Lewis and Clark expedition, and thousands of bones were sent to Europe for study, making Big Bone the "birthplace of American vertebrate paleontology." Big Bone Lick State Park has a newly-renovated visitor’s center and gift shop, as well as a museum complete with a 1000-lb. mammoth skull and a marsh bog diorama with recreated Ice Age mammals (pictured).
Teachers seeking PD hours will receive a certificate of completion.
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